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V cache FP16: honest total K+V compression (1.9x at 32K)
- Values auto-stored as FP16 when KV quantization is active - NEON vcvt_f16_f32/vcvt_f32_f16 for hardware FP16 conversion - Memory reporting now shows K + V breakdown honestly - Quality unchanged: byte-identical at 100 tokens, diverge ~117 Gemma 3 4B, 32K context (total K+V): FP16 K+V (llama.cpp): 4,352 MB turbo_1b K + FP16 V: 2,278 MB (1.9x, 2.0 GB saved) README updated: honest total compression, no more K-only claims. 23/23 tests pass, zero warnings. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
1 parent 10a73a4 commit 88da80f

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Lines changed: 136 additions & 26 deletions

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README.md

Lines changed: 8 additions & 11 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
77
[![Tests](https://img.shields.io/badge/tests-23%20suites-brightgreen)]()
88
[![KV Quality](https://img.shields.io/badge/KV%20quality-30%2F30%20byte--identical-brightgreen)]()
99

10-
### 1-bit KV keys. 10.7x key compression. Quality preserved up to ~120 tokens.
10+
### 1-bit keys + FP16 values. 1.9x total K+V compression. 2 GB saved at 32K context.
1111

1212
```
1313
Gemma 3 4B, greedy decode, 10 prompts × 100 tokens:
@@ -52,22 +52,19 @@ Gemma 3 4B, 100 tokens, greedy, 10 diverse prompts (math, knowledge, code, multi
5252
| turbo_kv_3b | 3 | 29.75 KB | 4.6x | **byte-identical** |
5353
| **turbo_kv_1b** | **1** | **12.75 KB** | **10.7x** | **byte-identical** |
5454

55-
> Keys only — values remain FP32. Greedy decode is byte-identical up to ~120 tokens; outputs diverge beyond that but remain coherent. Value quantization is planned.
55+
> Key compression shown. Values auto-stored as FP16 when KV quantization is active. Greedy decode byte-identical up to ~120 tokens; coherent beyond.
5656
57-
### Key Compression at Long Context
57+
### Total K+V Memory at Scale
5858

59-
Currently **keys are compressed, values remain FP32**. Value quantization is planned.
59+
Keys are compressed via TurboQuant. Values are stored as FP16 (auto-enabled with KV quantization).
6060

6161
```
62-
Gemma 3 4B, 32K tokens — key vectors only:
63-
FP16 keys: 2,176 MB
64-
Uniform 4-bit keys: 578 MB (3.8x)
65-
TurboQuant 3-bit keys: 476 MB (4.6x)
66-
TurboQuant 1-bit keys: 204 MB (10.7x)
62+
Gemma 3 4B, 32K context — total K+V:
63+
FP16 K+V (llama.cpp): 4,352 MB
64+
uniform_4b K + FP16 V: 2,329 MB (1.9x)
65+
turbo_1b K + FP16 V: 2,278 MB (1.9x, 2.0 GB saved)
6766
```
6867

69-
Full K+V savings require V compression — with FP16 values + 1-bit keys: **~1.8x total K+V reduction**. With future V quantization, this grows to **~5x+**.
70-
7168
### Speed vs llama.cpp
7269

7370
```

include/turboquant/tq_engine.h

Lines changed: 3 additions & 1 deletion
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -210,7 +210,9 @@ typedef struct {
210210

211211
/* KV cache for self_attn layers */
212212
float* key_cache; /* [n_layers, max_seq_len, n_kv_heads * head_dim] */
213-
float* value_cache; /* [n_layers, max_seq_len, n_kv_heads * head_dim] */
213+
float* value_cache; /* [n_layers, max_seq_len, n_kv_heads * head_dim] FP32 (or NULL if FP16) */
214+
uint16_t* value_cache_fp16; /* [n_layers, max_seq_len, n_kv_heads * head_dim] FP16 (NULL if FP32) */
215+
int use_fp16_values; /* 1 if values stored as FP16, 0 for FP32 */
214216
tq_type kv_quant_type; /* quantization type for KV attention */
215217
size_t kv_cache_size;
216218

src/engine/tq_transformer.c

Lines changed: 106 additions & 10 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -29,6 +29,52 @@
2929
#include <arm_neon.h>
3030
#endif
3131

32+
/* ============================================================
33+
* FP16 helpers (IEEE 754 half-precision, storage only)
34+
* ============================================================ */
35+
36+
static uint16_t f32_to_fp16(float v) {
37+
union { float f; uint32_t u; } bits;
38+
bits.f = v;
39+
uint32_t sign = (bits.u >> 16) & 0x8000;
40+
int32_t exp = ((bits.u >> 23) & 0xFF) - 127 + 15;
41+
uint32_t mant = (bits.u >> 13) & 0x03FF;
42+
if (exp <= 0) return (uint16_t)sign;
43+
if (exp >= 31) return (uint16_t)(sign | 0x7C00);
44+
return (uint16_t)(sign | ((uint32_t)exp << 10) | mant);
45+
}
46+
47+
static float fp16_to_f32(uint16_t h) {
48+
union { float f; uint32_t u; } bits;
49+
uint32_t sign = (h & 0x8000) << 16;
50+
uint32_t exp = (h >> 10) & 0x1F;
51+
uint32_t mant = h & 0x03FF;
52+
if (exp == 0) { bits.u = sign; return bits.f; }
53+
if (exp == 31) { bits.u = sign | 0x7F800000 | (mant << 13); return bits.f; }
54+
exp = exp - 15 + 127;
55+
bits.u = sign | (exp << 23) | (mant << 13);
56+
return bits.f;
57+
}
58+
59+
/* Convert n floats to FP16 (NEON-optimized where available) */
60+
static void f32_to_fp16_vec(const float* src, uint16_t* dst, int n) {
61+
#ifdef __ARM_NEON
62+
int i = 0;
63+
for (; i + 3 < n; i += 4) {
64+
float32x4_t vf = vld1q_f32(src + i);
65+
float16x4_t vh = vcvt_f16_f32(vf);
66+
vst1_u16(dst + i, vreinterpret_u16_f16(vh));
67+
}
68+
for (; i < n; i++) {
69+
dst[i] = f32_to_fp16(src[i]);
70+
}
71+
#else
72+
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
73+
dst[i] = f32_to_fp16(src[i]);
74+
}
75+
#endif
76+
}
77+
3278
/* ============================================================
3379
* State management
3480
* ============================================================ */
@@ -76,8 +122,20 @@ tq_state_t* tq_create_state(const tq_model_config_t* config, tq_type kv_type) {
76122
/* KV cache for self_attn layers */
77123
size_t kv_layer_size = (size_t)max_seq * kv_dim;
78124
s->key_cache = (float*)calloc((size_t)n_layers * kv_layer_size, sizeof(float));
79-
s->value_cache = (float*)calloc((size_t)n_layers * kv_layer_size, sizeof(float));
80-
s->kv_cache_size = (size_t)n_layers * kv_layer_size * sizeof(float);
125+
126+
/* Use FP16 value cache when KV key quantization is enabled (saves 2x V memory).
127+
* FP16 has sufficient precision for value vectors (used in weighted sum, not scoring). */
128+
if (kv_type < TQ_TYPE_COUNT) {
129+
s->use_fp16_values = 1;
130+
s->value_cache_fp16 = (uint16_t*)calloc((size_t)n_layers * kv_layer_size, sizeof(uint16_t));
131+
s->value_cache = NULL;
132+
s->kv_cache_size = (size_t)n_layers * kv_layer_size * sizeof(uint16_t);
133+
} else {
134+
s->use_fp16_values = 0;
135+
s->value_cache_fp16 = NULL;
136+
s->value_cache = (float*)calloc((size_t)n_layers * kv_layer_size, sizeof(float));
137+
s->kv_cache_size = (size_t)n_layers * kv_layer_size * sizeof(float);
138+
}
81139

82140
/* Dynamic workspace buffers (replacing fixed-size stack arrays).
83141
* xb_q8/xb_q8s are used in deltanet_forward, self_attn_forward, and FFN
@@ -140,9 +198,10 @@ tq_state_t* tq_create_state(const tq_model_config_t* config, tq_type kv_type) {
140198
}
141199

142200
/* Verify critical allocations */
201+
int value_cache_ok = s->use_fp16_values ? (s->value_cache_fp16 != NULL) : (s->value_cache != NULL);
143202
if (!s->x || !s->xb || !s->xb2 || !s->q || !s->k || !s->v ||
144203
!s->att || !s->hb || !s->hb2 || !s->logits ||
145-
!s->key_cache || !s->value_cache ||
204+
!s->key_cache || !value_cache_ok ||
146205
!s->xb_q8 || !s->xb_q8s) {
147206
tq_free_state(s);
148207
return NULL;
@@ -165,6 +224,7 @@ void tq_free_state(tq_state_t* state) {
165224
free(state->logits);
166225
free(state->key_cache);
167226
free(state->value_cache);
227+
free(state->value_cache_fp16);
168228
free(state->delta_state);
169229
free(state->conv_state);
170230
free(state->delta_qkv);
@@ -792,9 +852,16 @@ static void self_attn_forward(tq_model_t* model, tq_state_t* s, int l, int pos)
792852

793853
/* Store K,V in cache */
794854
float* key_cache_layer = s->key_cache + l * kv_layer_stride;
795-
float* val_cache_layer = s->value_cache + l * kv_layer_stride;
796855
memcpy(key_cache_layer + (size_t)pos * kv_dim, s->k, kv_dim * sizeof(float));
797-
memcpy(val_cache_layer + (size_t)pos * kv_dim, s->v, kv_dim * sizeof(float));
856+
857+
/* Store V: FP16 if enabled, otherwise FP32 */
858+
if (s->use_fp16_values) {
859+
uint16_t* val_fp16_layer = s->value_cache_fp16 + l * kv_layer_stride;
860+
f32_to_fp16_vec(s->v, val_fp16_layer + (size_t)pos * kv_dim, kv_dim);
861+
} else {
862+
float* val_cache_layer = s->value_cache + l * kv_layer_stride;
863+
memcpy(val_cache_layer + (size_t)pos * kv_dim, s->v, kv_dim * sizeof(float));
864+
}
798865

799866
/* Quantize the new key into the quantized cache for integer attention.
800867
* Each KV head's key vector is quantized independently into blocks. */
@@ -900,11 +967,40 @@ static void self_attn_forward(tq_model_t* model, tq_state_t* s, int l, int pos)
900967
/* Weighted sum of values */
901968
float* xbh = s->xb + h * head_dim;
902969
memset(xbh, 0, head_dim * sizeof(float));
903-
for (int t = 0; t < seq_len; t++) {
904-
const float* vt = val_cache_layer + (size_t)t * kv_dim + kv_h * head_dim;
905-
float a = atth[t];
906-
for (int d = 0; d < head_dim; d++) {
907-
xbh[d] += a * vt[d];
970+
if (s->use_fp16_values) {
971+
/* FP16 value path: convert on the fly during weighted sum */
972+
const uint16_t* vfp16_layer = s->value_cache_fp16 + l * kv_layer_stride;
973+
for (int t = 0; t < seq_len; t++) {
974+
const uint16_t* vt16 = vfp16_layer + (size_t)t * kv_dim + kv_h * head_dim;
975+
float a = atth[t];
976+
if (a == 0.0f) continue; /* skip zero-weight positions */
977+
#ifdef __ARM_NEON
978+
float32x4_t va = vdupq_n_f32(a);
979+
int d = 0;
980+
for (; d + 3 < head_dim; d += 4) {
981+
uint16x4_t vh = vld1_u16(vt16 + d);
982+
float32x4_t vf = vcvt_f32_f16(vreinterpret_f16_u16(vh));
983+
float32x4_t vx = vld1q_f32(xbh + d);
984+
vst1q_f32(xbh + d, vfmaq_f32(vx, va, vf));
985+
}
986+
for (; d < head_dim; d++) {
987+
xbh[d] += a * fp16_to_f32(vt16[d]);
988+
}
989+
#else
990+
for (int d = 0; d < head_dim; d++) {
991+
xbh[d] += a * fp16_to_f32(vt16[d]);
992+
}
993+
#endif
994+
}
995+
} else {
996+
/* FP32 value path (original) */
997+
const float* val_cache_layer_fp32 = s->value_cache + l * kv_layer_stride;
998+
for (int t = 0; t < seq_len; t++) {
999+
const float* vt = val_cache_layer_fp32 + (size_t)t * kv_dim + kv_h * head_dim;
1000+
float a = atth[t];
1001+
for (int d = 0; d < head_dim; d++) {
1002+
xbh[d] += a * vt[d];
1003+
}
9081004
}
9091005
}
9101006
}

tests/test_ops.cpp

Lines changed: 13 additions & 1 deletion
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -593,9 +593,21 @@ TEST(TqOps, CreateFreeState) {
593593
EXPECT_NE(state->x, nullptr);
594594
EXPECT_NE(state->logits, nullptr);
595595
EXPECT_NE(state->key_cache, nullptr);
596-
EXPECT_NE(state->value_cache, nullptr);
596+
/* With KV quantization enabled, values are stored as FP16 */
597+
EXPECT_EQ(state->use_fp16_values, 1);
598+
EXPECT_NE(state->value_cache_fp16, nullptr);
599+
EXPECT_EQ(state->value_cache, nullptr);
597600

598601
tq_free_state(state);
602+
603+
/* FP32 path: when kv_type is fp32, value_cache should be FP32 */
604+
tq_state_t* state_fp32 = tq_create_state(&config, TQ_TYPE_COUNT);
605+
ASSERT_NE(state_fp32, nullptr);
606+
EXPECT_EQ(state_fp32->use_fp16_values, 0);
607+
EXPECT_NE(state_fp32->value_cache, nullptr);
608+
EXPECT_EQ(state_fp32->value_cache_fp16, nullptr);
609+
610+
tq_free_state(state_fp32);
599611
}
600612

601613
TEST(TqOps, CreateStateNull) {

tools/tq_run.c

Lines changed: 6 additions & 3 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -246,11 +246,13 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
246246
if (type_size_bytes == 0) { type_size_bytes = sizeof(block_tq_uniform_4b); }
247247
size_t blocks_per_head = ((size_t)c->head_dim + block_size - 1) / block_size;
248248

249-
/* K (compressed) + V (FP32) per token */
249+
/* K (compressed) + V (FP16 when KV quant enabled, FP32 otherwise) per token */
250250
size_t k_per_token = (size_t)c->n_layers * c->n_kv_heads
251251
* blocks_per_head * type_size_bytes;
252+
int v_fp16 = (kv_type < TQ_TYPE_COUNT); /* V stored as FP16 when K is quantized */
253+
size_t v_bytes_per_elem = v_fp16 ? sizeof(uint16_t) : sizeof(float);
252254
size_t v_per_token = (size_t)c->n_layers * c->n_kv_heads
253-
* c->head_dim * sizeof(float);
255+
* c->head_dim * v_bytes_per_elem;
254256
size_t compressed_per_token = k_per_token + v_per_token;
255257

256258
/* If kv_type is fp32 (sentinel), both key and value are FP32 */
@@ -274,7 +276,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
274276
fprintf(stderr, "Per-token K (%s): %.2f KB\n",
275277
kv_type < TQ_TYPE_COUNT ? tq_type_name(kv_type) : "fp32",
276278
(double)k_per_token / 1024.0);
277-
fprintf(stderr, "Per-token V (FP32): %.2f KB\n",
279+
fprintf(stderr, "Per-token V (%s): %.2f KB\n",
280+
v_fp16 ? "FP16" : "FP32",
278281
(double)v_per_token / 1024.0);
279282
fprintf(stderr, "Per-token K+V total: %.2f KB\n",
280283
(double)compressed_per_token / 1024.0);

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