[v25.2.x] ci: upgrade GitHub Actions to Node 24-compatible versions

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #30824 to branch v25.2.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v25.2.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-30824-v25.2.x-599
git cherry-pick -x 2f1d4b4273 ebc00732ad 437b0daebb d02f67b222 2ba59abb9c 5756256c1e cc71daa89c 9620398c92 d3ff2d75cd 31a005e2b3 e4f99ccbaf 4b17a36d76 6aabc0c8f0 d4d8eec4c1 d5acea57f6 cb61b885d3 f19bf2c68f 2d52fcd65e 74ca8f7457 11bc5720c1 864b380719 fcf36c3507

git push origin manual-backport-30824-v25.2.x-599
gh pr create \
  --title "[v25.2.x] ci: upgrade GitHub Actions to Node 24-compatible versions" \
  --base "v25.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-30824-v25.2.x-599" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v25.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/30824 "