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<div class="hbg">🎓 Legal Analysis · IRAC Example · 8 min read</div>
<h1>IRAC Example: Negligence — <span class="gc">Complete Worked Analysis</span></h1>
<p class="hi">Negligence is the most frequently tested tort law topic on law school exams and the bar exam. This complete IRAC example walks through a negligence analysis step-by-step — ready to use as a template.</p>
</div></section>
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<div class="card"><h2>The Scenario</h2>
<div class="kbox"><span class="lb">Facts</span>Davis owns a grocery store. On a rainy Tuesday, a pipe burst and water leaked onto the floor near the entrance. An employee noticed the puddle at 10:00 AM but did not clean it or place a warning sign. At 11:30 AM, Martin, a customer, slipped on the wet floor and broke his wrist. Davis argues there was no negligence because it was raining outside and customers should expect wet floors.</div>
<h2>Complete IRAC Analysis</h2>
<div class="kbox"><span class="lb">ISSUE</span>Whether Davis, as owner of the grocery store, is liable in negligence for Martin's injuries when an employee knew of the wet floor for 90 minutes but failed to clean it or post a warning sign.</div>
<div class="kbox"><span class="lb">RULE</span>To establish negligence, a plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant breached that duty; (3) the breach was the actual and proximate cause of plaintiff's injury; and (4) the plaintiff suffered actual damages. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 281 (1965). Business owners owe a duty of reasonable care to business invitees — including maintaining safe premises and warning of known hazards. Premises liability requires that the owner knew or should have known of a dangerous condition. <em>Shopkeeper's doctrine</em> holds that actual knowledge by an employee is imputed to the employer.</div>
<div class="kbox"><span class="lb">APPLICATION</span>
<strong>Duty:</strong> Davis owed Martin a duty of reasonable care as a business invitee — a person invited onto the premises for commercial purposes. This is clearly established.
<strong>Breach:</strong> An employee had actual knowledge of the wet floor at 10:00 AM — 90 minutes before Martin's fall. Reasonable grocery store management requires either immediate cleanup or placement of warning signs upon discovering a floor hazard. Davis's employee took neither action. Davis's argument that customers expect wet floors during rain is unpersuasive: the hazard here was an interior pipe burst, not rainwater tracked in by customers — a meaningfully different and more dangerous condition that customers would not anticipate.
<strong>Causation:</strong> But for the failure to clean or warn, Martin would not have slipped. The 90-minute delay makes it impossible to argue the hazard was too recent to address. The slip and resulting broken wrist are the foreseeable, proximate result of leaving an unmarked wet floor.
<strong>Damages:</strong> Martin suffered a broken wrist — actual physical injury and presumed associated medical expenses and pain and suffering.</div>
<div class="kbox"><span class="lb">CONCLUSION</span>Davis is liable for negligence. The employee's actual knowledge of the hazard for 90 minutes, imputed to Davis as employer, combined with failure to take any remedial action, constitutes a clear breach of the duty owed to business invitees. Martin will likely prevail on all four elements of negligence.</div>
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