diff --git a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lib.rs
index 7805994b441b8..14debe267d3dc 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lib.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@ use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust;
 use rustc_errors::{Diag, EmissionGuarantee, FatalError, PResult, pluralize};
 pub use rustc_lexer::UNICODE_VERSION;
 use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
+use rustc_span::edit_distance::find_best_match_for_name;
 use rustc_span::source_map::SourceMap;
-use rustc_span::{FileName, SourceFile, Span};
+use rustc_span::{FileName, SourceFile, Span, Symbol};
 
 pub const MACRO_ARGUMENTS: Option<&str> = Some("macro arguments");
 
@@ -105,6 +106,8 @@ pub fn new_parser_from_source_str(
 /// dropped.
 ///
 /// If a span is given, that is used on an error as the source of the problem.
+///
+/// Error messages are tailored to the specific error kind.
 pub fn new_parser_from_file<'a>(
     psess: &'a ParseSess,
     path: &Path,
@@ -113,8 +116,42 @@ pub fn new_parser_from_file<'a>(
 ) -> Result<Parser<'a>, Vec<Diag<'a>>> {
     let sm = psess.source_map();
     let source_file = sm.load_file(path).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-        let msg = format!("couldn't read `{}`: {}", path.display(), e);
+        use std::io::ErrorKind;
+
+        let msg = match e.kind() {
+            ErrorKind::NotFound => format!("couldn't find file `{}`", path.display()),
+            ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => {
+                format!("permission denied when opening file `{}`", path.display())
+            }
+            ErrorKind::IsADirectory => format!("`{}` is a directory", path.display()),
+            _ => format!("couldn't read `{}`: {}", path.display(), e),
+        };
+
         let mut err = psess.dcx().struct_fatal(msg);
+
+        if e.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound {
+            if let Some(file_name) = path.file_name().and_then(|n| n.to_str()) {
+                let parent = match path.parent() {
+                    Some(p) if !p.as_os_str().is_empty() => p,
+                    _ => Path::new("."),
+                };
+                if let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(parent) {
+                    let candidates: Vec<Symbol> = entries
+                        .flatten()
+                        .filter_map(|entry| entry.file_name().to_str().map(Symbol::intern))
+                        .collect();
+                    let lookup = Symbol::intern(file_name);
+                    if let Some(suggestion) = find_best_match_for_name(&candidates, lookup, None) {
+                        let suggested_path = if parent == Path::new(".") {
+                            suggestion.as_str().to_string()
+                        } else {
+                            parent.join(suggestion.as_str()).display().to_string()
+                        };
+                        err.help(format!("you might have meant to open `{}`", suggested_path));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
         if let Ok(contents) = std::fs::read(path)
             && let Err(utf8err) = std::str::from_utf8(&contents)
         {
diff --git a/tests/run-make/input-file-errors/rmake.rs b/tests/run-make/input-file-errors/rmake.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a3d8516af662c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/run-make/input-file-errors/rmake.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Tests that rustc produces helpful error messages when the input file
+// cannot be opened, including specific messages for different error kinds
+// and typo suggestions for NotFound errors.
+//
+// The permission-denied test requires Unix file mode bits and is skipped
+// on Windows. It is also skipped on riscv64/arm because those CI runners
+// run as root, which bypasses permission restrictions.
+
+//@ ignore-riscv64
+//@ ignore-arm
+//@ ignore-windows
+//@ needs-target-std
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+
+use run_make_support::{rfs, run_in_tmpdir, rustc};
+
+fn main() {
+    // 1. NotFound — basic case: no "os error 2" in the output
+    run_in_tmpdir(|| {
+        rustc()
+            .input("fo.rs")
+            .run_fail()
+            .assert_stderr_contains("couldn't find file `fo.rs`")
+            .assert_stderr_not_contains("os error 2");
+    });
+
+    // 2. NotFound with typo suggestion: foo.rs exists, compiling fo.rs should suggest foo.rs
+    run_in_tmpdir(|| {
+        rfs::write("foo.rs", b"fn main() {}");
+        rustc()
+            .input("fo.rs")
+            .run_fail()
+            .assert_stderr_contains("couldn't find file `fo.rs`")
+            .assert_stderr_contains("you might have meant to open `foo.rs`");
+    });
+
+    // 3. PermissionDenied — file exists but is unreadable
+    run_in_tmpdir(|| {
+        rfs::write("secret.rs", b"fn main() {}");
+
+        let mut perms = rfs::metadata("secret.rs").permissions();
+        perms.set_mode(0o000); // no read, write, or execute
+        rfs::set_permissions("secret.rs", perms);
+
+        // Run rustc before restoring permissions, store the result
+        let output = rustc().input("secret.rs").run_fail();
+
+        // Restore permissions so the tmpdir cleanup can delete the file
+        let mut perms = rfs::metadata("secret.rs").permissions();
+        perms.set_mode(0o644);
+        rfs::set_permissions("secret.rs", perms);
+
+        output.assert_stderr_contains("permission denied when opening file");
+    });
+
+    // 4. IsADirectory — path points to a directory, not a file
+    run_in_tmpdir(|| {
+        rfs::create_dir("mydir.rs");
+        rustc().input("mydir.rs").run_fail().assert_stderr_contains("is a directory");
+    });
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/modules/path-no-file-name.stderr b/tests/ui/modules/path-no-file-name.stderr
index 6274ecfed1365..4a45b22194dd4 100644
--- a/tests/ui/modules/path-no-file-name.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/modules/path-no-file-name.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: couldn't read `$DIR/.`: $ACCESS_DENIED_MSG (os error $ACCESS_DENIED_CODE)
+error: permission denied when opening file `$DIR/.`
   --> $DIR/path-no-file-name.rs:5:1
    |
 LL | mod m;
diff --git a/tests/ui/parser/issues/issue-5806.rs b/tests/ui/parser/issues/issue-5806.rs
index 1a819e22197fe..e6eaead5d886b 100644
--- a/tests/ui/parser/issues/issue-5806.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/parser/issues/issue-5806.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 //@ normalize-stderr: "os error \d+" -> "os error $$ACCESS_DENIED_CODE"
 
 #[path = "../parser"]
-mod foo; //~ ERROR couldn't read
+mod foo; //~ ERROR couldn't find file `$DIR/../parser`
 
 fn main() {}
diff --git a/tests/ui/parser/issues/issue-5806.stderr b/tests/ui/parser/issues/issue-5806.stderr
index 88cc982baf259..2de6c0ab08670 100644
--- a/tests/ui/parser/issues/issue-5806.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/parser/issues/issue-5806.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: couldn't read `$DIR/../parser`: $ACCESS_DENIED_MSG (os error $ACCESS_DENIED_CODE)
+error: couldn't find file `$DIR/../parser`
   --> $DIR/issue-5806.rs:5:1
    |
 LL | mod foo;
diff --git a/tests/ui/parser/mod_file_with_path_attr.stderr b/tests/ui/parser/mod_file_with_path_attr.stderr
index ef8a715712bbd..986b0914b6c4f 100644
--- a/tests/ui/parser/mod_file_with_path_attr.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/parser/mod_file_with_path_attr.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: couldn't read `$DIR/not_a_real_file.rs`: $FILE_NOT_FOUND_MSG (os error 2)
+error: couldn't find file `$DIR/not_a_real_file.rs`
   --> $DIR/mod_file_with_path_attr.rs:4:1
    |
 LL | mod m;
diff --git a/tests/ui/unpretty/staged-api-invalid-path-108697.rs b/tests/ui/unpretty/staged-api-invalid-path-108697.rs
index 8a806b10d9da1..b368bcbc074f9 100644
--- a/tests/ui/unpretty/staged-api-invalid-path-108697.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/unpretty/staged-api-invalid-path-108697.rs
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@
 #![feature(staged_api)]
 #[path = "lol"]
 mod foo;
-//~^ ERROR couldn't read `$DIR/lol`
+//~^ ERROR couldn't find file `$DIR/lol`
diff --git a/tests/ui/unpretty/staged-api-invalid-path-108697.stderr b/tests/ui/unpretty/staged-api-invalid-path-108697.stderr
index 188f4985ded56..a475dc2a60f47 100644
--- a/tests/ui/unpretty/staged-api-invalid-path-108697.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/unpretty/staged-api-invalid-path-108697.stderr
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: couldn't read `$DIR/lol`: $FILE_NOT_FOUND_MSG (os error 2)
+error: couldn't find file `$DIR/lol`
   --> $DIR/staged-api-invalid-path-108697.rs:8:1
    |
 LL | mod foo;