Rollup merge of #156417 - jakubadamw:issue-137190-reapplied, r=lcnr

Fix an ICE in the vtable iteration for a trait reference in const eval when a supertrait is not implemented

This is a second incarnation of rust-lang/rust#152287, which was reverted in rust-lang/rust#152738 as it had exposed another underlying unsoundness (rust-lang/rust#153596, exhibited indirectly in rust-lang/rust#152735), which was recently fixed in rust-lang/rust#155749.

It’s the same fix and the same set of tests. Regression tests for the unsoundness itself were already added in rust-lang/rust#155749.

Closes rust-lang/rust#137190.
Closes rust-lang/rust#135470.

Author: JonathanBrouwer