Scaling Java Applications

[ghost]

Question:
How would you scale a Java backend handling millions of requests per minute?

[shivrajcodez]

Horizontal scale → LB + many stateless instances
Non-blocking stack → Spring WebFlux / Netty
Auto-scale → Kubernetes (HPA)
Cache first → Redis (cut DB hits)
Async & queues → Apache Kafka
DB scale → read replicas + sharding
Connection pooling → HikariCP tuned
Rate limiting → protect system
CDN → offload static traffic
Observability → metrics + autoscale triggers