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perf: replace RLock with Lock where re-entrant locking is not needed
Convert 7 of 8 RLock instances to plain Lock. All verified to use only flat (non-recursive) acquisition patterns: - Connection.lock (hot path: every message send/receive) - Cluster._lock (connect/shutdown) - ControlConnection._lock and _reconnection_lock - Metadata._hosts_lock and TokenMap._rebuild_lock - Host.lock and cqlengine Connection.lazy_connect_lock Session._lock is kept as RLock because run_add_or_renew_pool() uses manual release/acquire inside a 'with' block. Benchmark: RLock 'with' stmt is ~14% slower than plain Lock.
1 parent 5094118 commit 5447fbf

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Lines changed: 262 additions & 24 deletions

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Lines changed: 71 additions & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
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# Copyright DataStax, Inc.
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#
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# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
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# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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# You may obtain a copy of the License at
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#
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# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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#
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# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
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# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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# limitations under the License.
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"""
16+
Micro-benchmark: RLock vs Lock acquire/release overhead.
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18+
Measures the performance difference between threading.RLock and
19+
threading.Lock for non-recursive lock acquisition patterns.
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Run:
22+
python benchmarks/bench_rlock_vs_lock.py
23+
"""
24+
import timeit
25+
from threading import Lock, RLock
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27+
28+
def bench_lock_types():
29+
"""Compare Lock vs RLock acquire/release cycles."""
30+
lock = Lock()
31+
rlock = RLock()
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33+
n = 2_000_000
34+
35+
def use_lock():
36+
lock.acquire()
37+
lock.release()
38+
39+
def use_rlock():
40+
rlock.acquire()
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rlock.release()
42+
43+
def use_lock_with():
44+
with lock:
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pass
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47+
def use_rlock_with():
48+
with rlock:
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pass
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51+
t_lock = timeit.timeit(use_lock, number=n)
52+
t_rlock = timeit.timeit(use_rlock, number=n)
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54+
print(f"Lock acquire/release ({n} iters): {t_lock:.3f}s ({t_lock / n * 1e9:.1f} ns/cycle)")
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print(f"RLock acquire/release ({n} iters): {t_rlock:.3f}s ({t_rlock / n * 1e9:.1f} ns/cycle)")
56+
print(f"RLock overhead: {(t_rlock / t_lock - 1) * 100:.0f}% ({t_rlock / t_lock:.2f}x)")
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58+
t_lock_with = timeit.timeit(use_lock_with, number=n)
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t_rlock_with = timeit.timeit(use_rlock_with, number=n)
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print(f"\nLock 'with' stmt ({n} iters): {t_lock_with:.3f}s ({t_lock_with / n * 1e9:.1f} ns/cycle)")
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print(f"RLock 'with' stmt ({n} iters): {t_rlock_with:.3f}s ({t_rlock_with / n * 1e9:.1f} ns/cycle)")
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print(f"RLock overhead: {(t_rlock_with / t_lock_with - 1) * 100:.0f}% ({t_rlock_with / t_lock_with:.2f}x)")
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def main():
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bench_lock_types()
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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main()

cassandra/cluster.py

Lines changed: 23 additions & 16 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -1498,7 +1498,7 @@ def __init__(self,
14981498
self.executor = self._create_thread_pool_executor(max_workers=executor_threads)
14991499
self.scheduler = _Scheduler(self.executor)
15001500

1501-
self._lock = RLock()
1501+
self._lock = Lock()
15021502

15031503
if self.metrics_enabled:
15041504
from cassandra.metrics import Metrics
@@ -1746,6 +1746,7 @@ def connect(self, keyspace=None, wait_for_all_pools=False):
17461746
established or attempted. Default is `False`, which means it will return when the first
17471747
successful connection is established. Remaining pools are added asynchronously.
17481748
"""
1749+
connect_exc = None
17491750
with self._lock:
17501751
if self.is_shutdown:
17511752
raise DriverException("Cluster is already shut down")
@@ -1761,21 +1762,27 @@ def connect(self, keyspace=None, wait_for_all_pools=False):
17611762
self._populate_hosts()
17621763

17631764
log.debug("Control connection created")
1764-
except Exception:
1765+
except Exception as exc:
17651766
log.exception("Control connection failed to connect, "
17661767
"shutting down Cluster:")
1767-
self.shutdown()
1768-
raise
1769-
1770-
self.profile_manager.check_supported() # todo: rename this method
1771-
1772-
if self.idle_heartbeat_interval:
1773-
self._idle_heartbeat = ConnectionHeartbeat(
1774-
self.idle_heartbeat_interval,
1775-
self.get_connection_holders,
1776-
timeout=self.idle_heartbeat_timeout
1777-
)
1778-
self._is_setup = True
1768+
connect_exc = exc
1769+
1770+
if connect_exc is None:
1771+
self.profile_manager.check_supported() # todo: rename this method
1772+
1773+
if self.idle_heartbeat_interval:
1774+
self._idle_heartbeat = ConnectionHeartbeat(
1775+
self.idle_heartbeat_interval,
1776+
self.get_connection_holders,
1777+
timeout=self.idle_heartbeat_timeout
1778+
)
1779+
self._is_setup = True
1780+
1781+
if connect_exc is not None:
1782+
# shutdown() acquires self._lock, so must be called after
1783+
# releasing it above to avoid deadlock.
1784+
self.shutdown()
1785+
raise connect_exc
17791786

17801787
session = self._new_session(keyspace)
17811788
if wait_for_all_pools:
@@ -3540,11 +3547,11 @@ def __init__(self, cluster, timeout,
35403547
self._token_meta_enabled = token_meta_enabled
35413548
self._schema_meta_page_size = schema_meta_page_size
35423549

3543-
self._lock = RLock()
3550+
self._lock = Lock()
35443551
self._schema_agreement_lock = Lock()
35453552

35463553
self._reconnection_handler = None
3547-
self._reconnection_lock = RLock()
3554+
self._reconnection_lock = Lock()
35483555

35493556
self._event_schedule_times = {}
35503557

cassandra/connection.py

Lines changed: 2 additions & 2 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
2222
import socket
2323
import struct
2424
import sys
25-
from threading import Thread, Event, RLock, Condition
25+
from threading import Thread, Event, Lock, Condition
2626
import time
2727
import ssl
2828
import uuid
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ def __init__(self, host='127.0.0.1', port=9042, authenticator=None,
928928
self.request_ids = deque(range(initial_size))
929929
self.highest_request_id = initial_size - 1
930930

931-
self.lock = RLock()
931+
self.lock = Lock()
932932
self.connected_event = Event()
933933
self.features = ProtocolFeatures(shard_id=shard_id)
934934
self.total_shards = total_shards

cassandra/cqlengine/connection.py

Lines changed: 1 addition & 1 deletion
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, hosts, consistency=None,
7878
self.lazy_connect = lazy_connect
7979
self.retry_connect = retry_connect
8080
self.cluster_options = cluster_options if cluster_options else {}
81-
self.lazy_connect_lock = threading.RLock()
81+
self.lazy_connect_lock = threading.Lock()
8282

8383
@classmethod
8484
def from_session(cls, name, session):

cassandra/metadata.py

Lines changed: 3 additions & 3 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
2222
import logging
2323
import re
2424
import sys
25-
from threading import RLock
25+
from threading import Lock
2626
import struct
2727
import random
2828
import itertools
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ def __init__(self):
126126
self.dbaas = False
127127
self._hosts = {}
128128
self._host_id_by_endpoint = {}
129-
self._hosts_lock = RLock()
129+
self._hosts_lock = Lock()
130130
self._tablets = Tablets({})
131131

132132
def export_schema_as_string(self):
@@ -1778,7 +1778,7 @@ def __init__(self, token_class, token_to_host_owner, all_tokens, metadata):
17781778

17791779
self.tokens_to_hosts_by_ks = {}
17801780
self._metadata = metadata
1781-
self._rebuild_lock = RLock()
1781+
self._rebuild_lock = Lock()
17821782

17831783
def rebuild_keyspace(self, keyspace, build_if_absent=False):
17841784
with self._rebuild_lock:

cassandra/pool.py

Lines changed: 2 additions & 2 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
2323
import random
2424
import copy
2525
import uuid
26-
from threading import Lock, RLock, Condition
26+
from threading import Lock, Condition
2727
import weakref
2828
try:
2929
from weakref import WeakSet
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ def __init__(self, endpoint, conviction_policy_factory, datacenter=None, rack=No
179179
raise ValueError("host_id may not be None")
180180
self.host_id = host_id
181181
self.set_location_info(datacenter, rack)
182-
self.lock = RLock()
182+
self.lock = Lock()
183183

184184
@property
185185
def address(self):

tests/unit/test_rlock_to_lock.py

Lines changed: 160 additions & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
1+
"""
2+
Unit tests verifying that RLock -> Lock conversion is safe.
3+
4+
Tests that the lock objects are of the correct type and that basic
5+
operations (connect, metadata, pool) still work correctly.
6+
"""
7+
import threading
8+
import unittest
9+
from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
10+
11+
from cassandra.cluster import Cluster
12+
from cassandra.metadata import Metadata, TokenMap
13+
from cassandra.pool import Host
14+
15+
16+
class TestLockTypes(unittest.TestCase):
17+
"""Verify each converted lock is a plain Lock, not RLock."""
18+
19+
def _assert_is_lock_not_rlock(self, lock_obj):
20+
"""Assert the given object is a plain Lock, not an RLock."""
21+
# In CPython, Lock() creates _thread.lock, RLock() creates _thread.RLock
22+
lock_type_name = type(lock_obj).__name__
23+
self.assertNotIn('RLock', lock_type_name,
24+
f"Expected plain Lock but got {type(lock_obj)}")
25+
26+
def test_metadata_hosts_lock_is_plain_lock(self):
27+
"""Metadata._hosts_lock should be a plain Lock."""
28+
m = Metadata()
29+
self._assert_is_lock_not_rlock(m._hosts_lock)
30+
31+
def test_metadata_rebuild_lock_is_plain_lock(self):
32+
"""TokenMap._rebuild_lock should be a plain Lock."""
33+
tm = TokenMap(
34+
token_class=Mock(),
35+
token_to_host_owner={},
36+
all_tokens=[],
37+
metadata=Mock()
38+
)
39+
self._assert_is_lock_not_rlock(tm._rebuild_lock)
40+
41+
def test_host_lock_is_plain_lock(self):
42+
"""Host.lock should be a plain Lock."""
43+
import uuid
44+
h = Host(
45+
endpoint=Mock(),
46+
conviction_policy_factory=Mock(),
47+
host_id=uuid.uuid4()
48+
)
49+
self._assert_is_lock_not_rlock(h.lock)
50+
51+
def test_cqlengine_connection_lock_is_plain_lock(self):
52+
"""CQLEngine Connection.lazy_connect_lock should be a plain Lock."""
53+
from cassandra.cqlengine.connection import Connection as CQLConn
54+
c = CQLConn.__new__(CQLConn)
55+
c.lazy_connect_lock = threading.Lock()
56+
self._assert_is_lock_not_rlock(c.lazy_connect_lock)
57+
58+
59+
class TestMetadataOperationsWithLock(unittest.TestCase):
60+
"""Verify metadata operations work correctly with plain Lock."""
61+
62+
def test_add_and_get_host(self):
63+
"""add_or_return_host + get_host should work with plain Lock."""
64+
import uuid
65+
m = Metadata()
66+
endpoint = Mock()
67+
host = Host(endpoint=endpoint, conviction_policy_factory=Mock(),
68+
host_id=uuid.uuid4())
69+
returned, new = m.add_or_return_host(host)
70+
self.assertTrue(new)
71+
self.assertIs(returned, host)
72+
73+
# Second add should return same host
74+
returned2, new2 = m.add_or_return_host(host)
75+
self.assertFalse(new2)
76+
self.assertIs(returned2, host)
77+
78+
def test_update_host_sequential_lock(self):
79+
"""update_host acquires lock twice sequentially — must not deadlock."""
80+
import uuid
81+
m = Metadata()
82+
old_endpoint = Mock()
83+
new_endpoint = Mock()
84+
host = Host(endpoint=new_endpoint, conviction_policy_factory=Mock(),
85+
host_id=uuid.uuid4())
86+
# update_host calls add_or_return_host (acquires lock, releases),
87+
# then acquires lock again for endpoint update.
88+
# With plain Lock, this must NOT deadlock.
89+
m.update_host(host, old_endpoint)
90+
# Host should be retrievable by host_id
91+
result = m.get_host_by_host_id(host.host_id)
92+
self.assertIs(result, host)
93+
94+
def test_remove_host(self):
95+
"""remove_host should work with plain Lock."""
96+
import uuid
97+
m = Metadata()
98+
endpoint = Mock()
99+
host = Host(endpoint=endpoint, conviction_policy_factory=Mock(),
100+
host_id=uuid.uuid4())
101+
m.add_or_return_host(host)
102+
removed = m.remove_host(host)
103+
self.assertTrue(removed)
104+
105+
def test_all_hosts(self):
106+
"""all_hosts should work under plain Lock."""
107+
import uuid
108+
m = Metadata()
109+
hosts = []
110+
for _ in range(3):
111+
h = Host(endpoint=Mock(), conviction_policy_factory=Mock(),
112+
host_id=uuid.uuid4())
113+
m.add_or_return_host(h)
114+
hosts.append(h)
115+
all_h = m.all_hosts()
116+
self.assertEqual(len(all_h), 3)
117+
118+
119+
class TestHostLockOperations(unittest.TestCase):
120+
"""Verify Host lock operations work with plain Lock."""
121+
122+
def test_get_and_set_reconnection_handler(self):
123+
"""get_and_set_reconnection_handler should work with plain Lock."""
124+
import uuid
125+
h = Host(endpoint=Mock(), conviction_policy_factory=Mock(),
126+
host_id=uuid.uuid4())
127+
handler = Mock()
128+
old = h.get_and_set_reconnection_handler(handler)
129+
self.assertIsNone(old)
130+
old2 = h.get_and_set_reconnection_handler(Mock())
131+
self.assertIs(old2, handler)
132+
133+
134+
class TestClusterConnectFailureNoDeadlock(unittest.TestCase):
135+
"""Verify Cluster.connect() failure path doesn't deadlock with plain Lock.
136+
137+
Cluster._lock is a plain Lock. connect() acquires it, and on failure
138+
calls shutdown() which also acquires it. The shutdown() call must happen
139+
after releasing the lock to avoid deadlock.
140+
"""
141+
142+
def test_connect_failure_calls_shutdown_without_deadlock(self):
143+
"""connect() should call shutdown() and re-raise on control connection failure."""
144+
cluster = Cluster(contact_points=[])
145+
# Ensure Cluster._lock is a plain Lock (not RLock)
146+
lock_type_name = type(cluster._lock).__name__
147+
self.assertNotIn('RLock', lock_type_name)
148+
149+
with patch.object(cluster.connection_class, 'initialize_reactor'):
150+
with patch.object(cluster.control_connection, 'connect',
151+
side_effect=Exception("test connection failure")):
152+
with patch.object(cluster, 'shutdown') as mock_shutdown:
153+
with self.assertRaises(Exception) as ctx:
154+
cluster.connect()
155+
self.assertIn("test connection failure", str(ctx.exception))
156+
mock_shutdown.assert_called_once()
157+
158+
159+
if __name__ == '__main__':
160+
unittest.main()

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