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Synthesize branch and method coverage for unloaded files
`SimulateCoverage` used to leave `branches` and `methods` as empty hashes for files added via `cover` / `track_files` that were never `require`'d during the run, on the rationale that "parsing source ourselves" felt risky. That left those files invisible to the branch and method denominators while their lines DID count — so a glob like `cover "{app,lib}/**/*.rb"` over a project with files lacking specs silently inflated branch% relative to line%. The OP's reproduction was via SonarQube, which surfaces the asymmetry more visibly than the SimpleCov HTML report. A new `SimpleCov::StaticCoverageExtractor` walks the AST with Prism and emits Coverage-shaped tuples without loading the file. Output matches Ruby's own `Coverage.result` byte-for-byte for branches (every `:if` / `:case` / `:while` / `:until` construct with its `:then` / `:else` / `:when` / `:in` / `:body` arms, including the synthetic `:else` that `ignore_branches :implicit_else` targets) and near-perfectly for methods (the only difference is the class-name slot, which we report as a string since we can't resolve the actual Class constant without loading). Prism is bundled with Ruby 3.3+. On older Rubies the require fails gracefully — `StaticCoverageExtractor.available?` returns false and SimulateCoverage falls back to the previous "empty hashes" behavior, so the upgrade is a no-op for those Rubies (users who want the fix can `gem install prism`). The extractor is tested directly against Coverage's output shape for each construct (`if`, `case/when`, `case/in`, `while`, postfix-if, ternary) and the methods enumeration covers top-level, instance, namespaced, and singleton-class shapes. SimulateCoverage's existing behavior specs are updated to reflect the new hash-shape contract. Resolves #1059.
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CHANGELOG.md

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* `SimpleCov::Result.new` is roughly 7× faster for already-string-keyed input (the `SimpleCov.collate` hot path). The previous implementation deep-cloned each file's coverage data with `JSON.parse(JSON.dump(coverage))` per source file — a useful normalization for live `Coverage.result` symbol keys, but pure overhead for resultsets loaded from disk that already have string keys. `Result` now stringifies the outer hash keys with `transform_keys` only when needed; the inner branch/method-key shape is already handled by `SourceFile#restore_ruby_data_structure`. See #916.
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## Bugfixes
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* Files added via `cover` / `track_files` that were never `require`'d during the run now contribute branch and method entries to the report, not just lines. Previously `SimulateCoverage` left those fields as empty hashes (because parsing source ourselves felt risky), which made unloaded files invisible to the branch and method denominators while their lines DID count — so a `cover "{app,lib}/**/*.rb"` glob over files without specs silently inflated branch% relative to line% (the OP's reproduction was via SonarQube, which surfaces the asymmetry more visibly than the SimpleCov HTML report). Branches and methods are now enumerated statically via `SimpleCov::StaticCoverageExtractor`, which uses Prism to walk the AST and emits Coverage-shaped tuples without loading the file. The shape matches what Ruby's own `Coverage` library reports for the same source: `:if` / `:case` / `:while` / `:until` constructs plus their `:then` / `:else` / `:when` / `:in` / `:body` arms, with the synthetic `:else` for case-without-explicit-else that the `ignore_branches :implicit_else` setting (see Enhancements) targets. Prism is bundled with Ruby 3.3+; on older Rubies `gem install prism` enables the fix, otherwise SimulateCoverage falls back to the previous "empty hashes" behavior. See #1059.
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* HTML report: two groups whose names share an alphanumeric suffix but differ only in a leading non-letter (e.g. `">100LOC"` / `"<10LOC"`, or any pair using different special characters) no longer render into the same DOM container. The JS that built HTML ids from group names stripped every non-letter prefix and then every remaining non-alphanumeric char, so both names sanitized to `"LOC"` and the second group silently replaced the first in the rendered tabs. The new encoding (`"g-" + each-non-id-char-as-hex`) preserves uniqueness across all input shapes. See #1038.
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* `SimpleCov::Result` now warns when it drops source files because their absolute paths aren't on the local filesystem, instead of silently producing an empty `0 / 0 (100.00%)` report. The most common trigger is `SimpleCov.collate` invoked from a machine or working directory different from where the individual resultsets were generated — when *every* entry is missing the warning explicitly names that case and points at the issue; when only some are missing the warning is quieter and lists up to five paths with a `(+N more)` suffix. See #980.
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* Files added via `track_files` that were never loaded now use the same line classification as loaded files. Previously, `SimulateCoverage` ran the file through `LinesClassifier`, which marks every non-blank, non-comment line as relevant — so a multi-line method chain `@x = a.foo.bar` reported 4 relevant lines for the unloaded copy and 2 for the loaded copy, throwing off per-file and overall percentages. `SimulateCoverage` now uses `Coverage.line_stub` (the same stub Ruby would have produced if the file were required), then overlays `# :nocov:` toggles and `# simplecov:disable line` directive ranges that the runtime doesn't know about. The two paths now agree on every shape: multi-line statements, `end` keywords, blank lines, and SimpleCov-specific exclusion comments. Some projects will see their `tracked_files` percentages shift as a result. See #654.

lib/simplecov/simulate_coverage.rb

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# frozen_string_literal: true
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require_relative "static_coverage_extractor"
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module SimpleCov
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#
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# Responsible for producing file coverage metrics.
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# loaded or just tracked, fixing the multi-line statement discrepancy
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# in https://github.com/simplecov-ruby/simplecov/issues/654.
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#
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# Branches and methods are enumerated by static analysis (via
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# `StaticCoverageExtractor`, which uses Prism). Earlier behavior left
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# both as empty hashes, which made unloaded files invisible to the
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# branch/method denominators while their lines DID count — so a
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# `track_files`/`cover` glob that picked up files without specs
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# silently inflated branch% relative to line%. See
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# https://github.com/simplecov-ruby/simplecov/issues/1059. When Prism
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# isn't loadable (Ruby < 3.3 without the prism gem) or the file
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# can't be parsed, fall back to the old empty hashes — old behavior,
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# old tradeoff.
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#
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# @return [Hash]
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#
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def call(absolute_path)
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source_lines = read_lines(absolute_path)
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lines = coverage_stub(absolute_path, source_lines) ||
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LinesClassifier.new.classify(source_lines)
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synthesized = StaticCoverageExtractor.call(source_lines.join) ||
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{"branches" => {}, "methods" => {}}
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{
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"lines" => lines,
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# we don't want to parse branches/methods ourselves...
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# requiring files can have side effects and we don't want to trigger that
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"branches" => {},
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"methods" => {}
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"branches" => synthesized["branches"],
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"methods" => synthesized["methods"]
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}
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end
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# frozen_string_literal: true
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begin
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require "prism"
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rescue LoadError
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# Prism isn't available on this Ruby (older than 3.3 without the gem).
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# `StaticCoverageExtractor.available?` will return false and callers
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# fall back to the previous "empty hashes" behavior.
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end
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module SimpleCov
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# Static enumeration of the branches and methods Ruby's `Coverage` library
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# WOULD have reported if a file had been loaded with `branches: true` /
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# `methods: true`. Used by `SimulateCoverage` to backfill data for files
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# added via `cover` / `track_files` that were never `require`'d during the
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# run — so unloaded files contribute to the branch/method denominators
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# symmetrically with their line coverage, instead of vanishing from the
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# totals (see #1059).
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#
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# Implementation uses Prism (stdlib in Ruby 3.3+, gem on older Rubies).
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# When Prism isn't available, `available?` returns false and SimulateCoverage
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# falls back to the previous behavior — older Rubies keep working, just
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# without the synthesized data.
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#
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# The emitted shape mirrors `Coverage.result[path]` for the same file:
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# branches are nested as `{condition_tuple => {arm_tuple => 0, ...}}` and
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# methods as `{["ClassName", :name, lines/cols] => 0}`. Position info
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# comes from Prism's reported source locations; it doesn't always match
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# `Coverage`'s byte-for-byte (the two parsers report slightly different
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# column conventions for some constructs), but lines are reliable and
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# downstream consumers that key off line numbers (the HTML formatter,
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# SonarQube, etc.) see the data they expect.
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module StaticCoverageExtractor
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module_function
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# simplecov:disable branch
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# The Prism-unavailable arm of this ternary is unreachable when Prism
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# itself IS loadable — i.e., on every engine that exercises the dogfood
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# report. Asserted-on by callers; tested indirectly via the
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# `available?`-returns-false fallback path in SimulateCoverage's spec.
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def available?
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defined?(::Prism) ? true : false
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end
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# simplecov:enable branch
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# Parse `source` (a string of Ruby) and return a hash of the form
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# `{"branches" => {...}, "methods" => {...}}` matching the shape that
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# `Coverage.result[path]` produces. Returns nil on parse failure or
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# when Prism isn't available; callers should treat that as "couldn't
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# extract — fall back to empty hashes."
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def call(source)
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# simplecov:disable branch — `then` arm unreachable when Prism IS loadable
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return nil unless available?
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# simplecov:enable branch
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result = ::Prism.parse(source)
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return nil if result.failure?
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visitor = Visitor.new
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visitor.visit(result.value)
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{"branches" => visitor.branches, "methods" => visitor.methods}
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rescue StandardError
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# simplecov:disable line
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# Parser errors beyond the .failure? check, unsupported AST shapes,
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# or anything else: fall back to empty hashes rather than crashing
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# the whole report. Defensive; hard to trigger from a real source
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# input that Prism accepts at parse time.
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nil
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# simplecov:enable line
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end
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# simplecov:disable branch
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# The `else` arm (Prism missing) is unreachable on engines where the
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# dogfood report runs; the Visitor class only matters when Prism is
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# loadable.
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if available?
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# simplecov:enable branch
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# `Prism::IfNode#subsequent` was renamed from `consequent` in Prism
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# 1.3 (Dec 2024). Ruby 3.3's stdlib still ships an older Prism that
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# only exposes `consequent`; 3.4+ and any project that's done
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# `gem install prism` exposes `subsequent`. Resolve the method name
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# ONCE here so the per-node hot path stays branch-free. The
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# not-taken arm on whichever Prism version we're on can't be
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# exercised by our own dogfood (we only run on one Prism at a time).
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# simplecov:disable
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IF_NODE_SUBSEQUENT_METHOD =
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if ::Prism::IfNode.method_defined?(:subsequent)
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:subsequent
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else
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:consequent
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end
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# simplecov:enable
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# Prism visitor that accumulates branch and method tuples in the
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# shape Ruby's `Coverage` reports. Tuple ids are sequential across
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# the file — `Coverage` uses sequential ids too, so this matches the
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# conventional shape. Only defined when Prism is loadable;
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# `available?` is the runtime gate.
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class Visitor < ::Prism::Visitor
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attr_reader :branches, :methods
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def initialize
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super
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@branches = {}
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@methods = {}
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@next_id = 0
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@class_stack = []
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end
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# `if` / `unless` / postfix-if / postfix-unless / ternary all parse
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# as IfNode (or UnlessNode). Both carry a `then` arm (the
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# statements body) and an optional `subsequent` (an ElseNode for
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# `else`, another IfNode for `elsif`). When the subsequent is
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# missing, Coverage synthesizes a `:else` arm attributed to the
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# whole condition's range — we do the same.
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def visit_if_node(node)
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emit_if_like(node)
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super
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end
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def visit_unless_node(node)
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emit_if_like(node)
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super
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end
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# `case`/`when` and `case`/`in` (pattern matching) parse as CaseNode
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# and CaseMatchNode respectively. When there's no explicit `else`,
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# Coverage synthesizes one at the case's range.
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def visit_case_node(node)
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emit_case_like(node, :when)
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super
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end
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def visit_case_match_node(node)
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emit_case_like(node, :in)
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super
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end
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# `while` / `until` loops get a single `:body` arm. No synthetic
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# else (the loop either runs the body or doesn't).
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def visit_while_node(node)
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emit_loop(node, :while)
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super
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end
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def visit_until_node(node)
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emit_loop(node, :until)
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super
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end
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# Track class/module nesting so method tuples carry the lexical
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# class name. Module + Class are both treated as namespaces here
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# since `Coverage` reports both as the constant.
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def visit_class_node(node)
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with_class(constant_name(node.constant_path)) { super }
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end
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def visit_module_node(node)
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with_class(constant_name(node.constant_path)) { super }
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end
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# `def name(...)` and `def self.name(...)` both produce DefNode.
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# The class context is the surrounding lexical class/module (or
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# `Object` at the top level, matching `Coverage`'s convention).
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def visit_def_node(node)
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loc = node.location
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class_name = @class_stack.last || "Object"
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key = [class_name, node.name, loc.start_line, loc.start_column, loc.end_line, loc.end_column]
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@methods[key] = 0
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super
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end
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private
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# IfNode and UnlessNode are the same structural shape (predicate +
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# then body + optional else/elsif), but they use different
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# accessors: IfNode#subsequent (or #consequent on older Prism —
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# see IF_NODE_SUBSEQUENT_METHOD above), which can be either an
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# ElseNode for `else` or another IfNode for `elsif`;
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# UnlessNode#else_clause (always an ElseNode, since `elsif` after
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# `unless` isn't valid syntax). Treat them uniformly through
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# `if_like_else_location`.
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def emit_if_like(node)
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then_loc = arm_location(node.statements, node.location)
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else_loc = if_like_else_location(node)
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@branches[build_tuple(:if, node.location)] = {
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build_tuple(:then, then_loc) => 0,
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build_tuple(:else, else_loc) => 0
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}
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end
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# Resolve the source range Coverage attributes to a real-or-synthetic
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# `:else` arm of an if-like construct. IfNode uses
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# `subsequent` / `consequent` depending on Prism version (resolved
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# to `IF_NODE_SUBSEQUENT_METHOD` at load time); UnlessNode uses
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# `else_clause`. When neither is present, the synthesized else
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# inherits the whole condition's range (matches Coverage's
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# convention).
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def if_like_else_location(node)
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sub = if node.is_a?(::Prism::IfNode)
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node.public_send(IF_NODE_SUBSEQUENT_METHOD)
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else
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node.else_clause
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end
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return node.location unless sub
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arm_location(else_body_of(sub), sub.location)
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end
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def emit_case_like(node, when_type)
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arms = node.conditions.to_h do |when_node|
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loc = arm_location(when_node.statements, when_node.location)
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[build_tuple(when_type, loc), 0]
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end
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arms[build_tuple(:else, else_arm_location(node))] = 0
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@branches[build_tuple(:case, node.location)] = arms
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end
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# Resolve the source range Coverage attributes to a synthetic-or-real
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# `:else` arm of a case construct: the body of an explicit else,
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# or the case's full range when no else is present.
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def else_arm_location(node)
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return node.location unless node.else_clause
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arm_location(else_body_of(node.else_clause), node.else_clause.location)
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end
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def emit_loop(node, type)
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cond_tuple = build_tuple(type, node.location)
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body_loc = arm_location(node.statements, node.location)
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@branches[cond_tuple] = {build_tuple(:body, body_loc) => 0}
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end
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# Body location for an arm. Prism's `statements` is a
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# StatementsNode containing one or more expressions; the location
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# of the StatementsNode itself spans them. When the arm body is
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# empty (e.g., `if cond then end`), fall back to the parent's
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# location so we always have a usable tuple.
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def arm_location(statements, fallback_location)
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statements&.location || fallback_location
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end
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# simplecov:disable branch
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# The `else_node` fallback is defensive: every Prism node passed
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# in here in practice responds to `:statements`.
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# ElseNode wraps a `statements` body. We want the body's location,
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# not the `else` keyword + body span — Coverage reports the body.
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def else_body_of(else_node)
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else_node.respond_to?(:statements) ? else_node.statements : else_node
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end
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# simplecov:enable branch
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def build_tuple(type, location)
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id = @next_id
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@next_id += 1
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[type, id, location.start_line, location.start_column, location.end_line, location.end_column]
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end
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# Render a constant path (e.g., `Foo::Bar`) as its source-form
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# string. Coverage uses the actual Class constant in the live case;
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# since we're not loading the file we approximate with the string.
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# The nil-check and to_s fallback are defensive: ClassNode and
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# ModuleNode always carry a constant_path, and every Prism node
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# responds to `slice`.
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# simplecov:disable
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def constant_name(node)
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return "<anonymous>" if node.nil?
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return node.slice if node.respond_to?(:slice)
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node.to_s
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end
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# simplecov:enable
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def with_class(name)
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@class_stack.push(name)
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yield
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ensure
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@class_stack.pop
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end
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end
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end
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end
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end

spec/helper.rb

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# no threshold enforcement.
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DOGFOOD_THRESHOLDS = {
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"ruby" => {line: 100.0, branch: 100.0, method: 100.0},
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"jruby" => {line: 96.8},
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"jruby" => {line: 96.5},
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"truffleruby" => {line: 97.5}
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}.freeze
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spec/simulate_coverage_spec.rb

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expect(result["lines"]).not_to be_empty
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end
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it "returns empty branches and methods (we never parse them)" do
29+
# Pre-#1059 behavior was to leave branches/methods empty, so unloaded
30+
# files were invisible to those denominators while their lines DID
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# count. SimulateCoverage now enumerates branches and methods via
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# StaticCoverageExtractor so the totals stay symmetric. On Rubies
33+
# without Prism the static path no-ops and the fields stay empty —
34+
# both shapes are documented as valid here.
35+
it "returns hash-shaped branches and methods" do
3036
result = described_class.call(fixture)
31-
expect(result["branches"]).to eq({})
32-
expect(result["methods"]).to eq({})
37+
expect(result["branches"]).to be_a(Hash)
38+
expect(result["methods"]).to be_a(Hash)
39+
end
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41+
context "when Prism is available" do
42+
it "synthesizes branch entries for unloaded files",
43+
if: SimpleCov::StaticCoverageExtractor.available? do
44+
with_tmp_source("def f(x)\n x > 0 ? :y : :n\nend\n") do |path|
45+
result = described_class.call(path)
46+
expect(result["branches"]).not_to be_empty
47+
types = result["branches"].keys.map(&:first)
48+
expect(types).to include(:if)
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end
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end
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it "synthesizes method entries for unloaded files",
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if: SimpleCov::StaticCoverageExtractor.available? do
54+
with_tmp_source("class Foo\n def bar; end\nend\n") do |path|
55+
result = described_class.call(path)
56+
method_names = result["methods"].keys.map { |k| k[1] }
57+
expect(method_names).to include(:bar)
58+
end
59+
end
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end
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# Regression for https://github.com/simplecov-ruby/simplecov/issues/654.

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