mkmf: split try_link0 into separate compile and link steps

When `mkmf.rb` checks for functions via `have_func`, it compiles and
links a test program in a single clang invocation. On macOS, passing a
source file together with `-lruby.4.1-static` (28MB static archive) to
clang in one command triggers a ~1.4s overhead per invocation. Splitting
into two steps (compile `.c` to `.o`, then link `.o`) reduces this to
~0.14s — a 10x improvement per check.

This dramatically speeds up extension configuration:
- `ext/io/console`: 12.1s → 1.8s (6.7x faster)
- `ext/openssl`: 8.3s → 3.0s (2.8x faster)
- `ext/json`: 6.6s → 1.4s (4.7x faster)
- `ext/strscan`: 5.0s → 0.6s (8.3x faster)

Overall clean build: 52s → 44s (16% faster)

Author: st0012

lib/mkmf.rb

@@ -606,19 +606,35 @@ def with_werror(opt, opts = nil)
 
   def try_link0(src, opt = "", ldflags: "", **opts, &b) # :nodoc:
     exe = CONFTEST+$EXEEXT
-    cmd = link_command(ldflags, opt)
+    obj = "#{CONFTEST}.#{$OBJEXT}"
+    cc = cc_command(opt)
+    conf = link_config(ldflags, opt)
+    conf['src'] = obj
+    ld = RbConfig::expand(TRY_LINK.dup, conf)
+    try_do2 = proc do
+      unless have_devel?
+        raise "The compiler failed to generate an executable file.\n" \
+              "You have to install development tools first.\n"
+      end
+      begin
+        src2 = create_tmpsrc(src, &b)
+        xsystem(cc, **opts) and xsystem(ld, **opts)
+      ensure
+        log_src(src2)
+      end
+    end
     if $universal
       require 'tmpdir'
       Dir.mktmpdir("mkmf_", oldtmpdir = ENV["TMPDIR"]) do |tmpdir|
         begin
           ENV["TMPDIR"] = tmpdir
-          try_do(src, cmd, **opts, &b)
+          try_do2.call
         ensure
           ENV["TMPDIR"] = oldtmpdir
         end
       end
     else
-      try_do(src, cmd, **opts, &b)
+      try_do2.call
     end and File.executable?(exe) or return nil
     exe
   ensure