From d0da610955e4b28c5cfd8f8766ff807b86ea2d00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho <3810067+stephenhky@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 00:34:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1/9] update publish-to-pypi.yaml

---
 .github/workflow/publish-to-pypi.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflow/publish-to-pypi.yaml b/.github/workflow/publish-to-pypi.yaml
index 1ca50dc..506e812 100644
--- a/.github/workflow/publish-to-pypi.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflow/publish-to-pypi.yaml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: Publish Python Package to PyPI
 
 on:
   release:
-    types: [published]
+    types: [created]
 
 jobs:
   deploy:

From 56f5deab79f419a27dd847731b1c1b6a1da3e679 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho <3810067+stephenhky@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 00:38:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2/9] initiate development of 1.2.1

---
 pyproject.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 1fe7af9..4b4208e 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "finsim"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.2.1a1"
 authors = [
     {name = "Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho", email = "stephenhky@yahoo.com.hk"}
 ]

From 023a434286681bd6ebed0ab63368259f7a1a31d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho <3810067+stephenhky@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 18:13:36 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 3/9] remove dependene on `nptyping`

---
 .github/workflow/tests.yaml               |  5 +-
 pyproject.toml                            |  3 +-
 src/finsim/estimate/fit.py                | 28 +++++------
 src/finsim/estimate/native/pyfit.py       | 14 +++---
 src/finsim/estimate/native/pyrisk.py      | 12 +++--
 src/finsim/estimate/risk.py               | 18 +++----
 src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/metrics.py  | 23 ++++-----
 src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/numerics.py | 27 ++++++-----
 src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/policy.py   | 58 +++++++++++------------
 src/finsim/portfolio/portfolio.py         | 13 ++---
 src/finsim/simulation/stock.py            | 16 +++++--
 11 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 101 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflow/tests.yaml b/.github/workflow/tests.yaml
index 21eb372..27ec8be 100644
--- a/.github/workflow/tests.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflow/tests.yaml
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ name: Python package CI
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ master ]
+    branches:
+      - '**'
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ master ]
+    branches: [ master. develop ]
 
 jobs:
   build_and_test:
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 4b4208e..012638a 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "finsim"
-version = "1.2.1a1"
+version = "1.2.1a2"
 authors = [
     {name = "Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho", email = "stephenhky@yahoo.com.hk"}
 ]
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ dependencies = [
     "openpyxl>=3.1.0",
     "numba",
     "typing-extensions",
-    "nptyping",
     "pydantic"
 ]
 
diff --git a/src/finsim/estimate/fit.py b/src/finsim/estimate/fit.py
index ea90da5..64f390a 100644
--- a/src/finsim/estimate/fit.py
+++ b/src/finsim/estimate/fit.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 
-from typing import Literal
+from typing import Literal, Annotated
 from itertools import product
 
 import numpy as np
-from nptyping import NDArray, Shape, Float, Datetime64
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
 
 from .constants import dividing_factors_dict
 from .native.pyfit import python_fit_BlackScholesMerton_model, python_fit_multivariate_BlackScholesMerton_model
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 # Note: always round-off to seconds first, but flexible about the unit to be used.
 
 def fit_BlackScholesMerton_model(
-        timestamps: NDArray[Shape["*"], Datetime64],
-        prices: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
+        timestamps: Annotated[NDArray[np.datetime64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        prices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
         unit: Literal['second', 'minute', 'hour', 'day', 'year']='year'
 ) -> tuple[float, float]:
     """Fit a Black-Scholes-Merton model to price data to estimate rate of return and volatility.
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ def fit_BlackScholesMerton_model(
 
 
 def fit_multivariate_BlackScholesMerton_model(
-        timestamps: NDArray[Shape["*"], Datetime64],
-        multiprices: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+        timestamps: Annotated[NDArray[np.datetime64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        multiprices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
         unit: Literal['second', 'minute', 'hour', 'day', 'year']='year',
-) -> tuple[NDArray[Shape["*"], Float], NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]]:
+) -> tuple[Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]], Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]]:
     """Fit a multivariate Black-Scholes-Merton model to price data for multiple assets.
     
     This function estimates the parameters of the multivariate Black-Scholes-Merton model,
@@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ def fit_multivariate_BlackScholesMerton_model(
 ######## routines below are for time-weighted portfolio building
 
 def fit_timeweighted_BlackScholesMerton_model(
-        timestamps: NDArray[Shape["*"], Datetime64],
-        prices: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        weights: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
+        timestamps: Annotated[NDArray[np.datetime64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        prices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        weights: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
         unit: Literal['second', 'minute', 'hour', 'day', 'year']='year'
 ) -> tuple[float, float]:
     """Fit a time-weighted Black-Scholes-Merton model to price data.
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ def fit_timeweighted_BlackScholesMerton_model(
 
 
 def fit_timeweighted_multivariate_BlackScholesMerton_model(
-        timestamps: NDArray[Shape["*"], Datetime64],
-        multiprices: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
-        weights: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
+        timestamps: Annotated[NDArray[np.datetime64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        multiprices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
+        weights: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
         unit: Literal['second', 'minute', 'hour', 'day', 'year']='year'
-) -> tuple[NDArray[Shape["*"], Float], NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]]:
+) -> tuple[Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]], Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]]:
     """Fit a time-weighted multivariate Black-Scholes-Merton model to price data for multiple assets.
     
     This function estimates the parameters of the multivariate Black-Scholes-Merton model
diff --git a/src/finsim/estimate/native/pyfit.py b/src/finsim/estimate/native/pyfit.py
index 83367ab..c72c53b 100644
--- a/src/finsim/estimate/native/pyfit.py
+++ b/src/finsim/estimate/native/pyfit.py
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 
+from typing import Literal, Annotated
+
 import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
 import numba as nb
-from nptyping import NDArray, Shape, Float
 
 
 @nb.njit
 def python_fit_BlackScholesMerton_model(
-        ts: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        prices: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]
+        ts: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        prices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]
 ) -> tuple[float, float]:
     """Fit a Black-Scholes-Merton model to price data using Python implementation.
     
@@ -35,9 +37,9 @@ def python_fit_BlackScholesMerton_model(
 
 @nb.njit
 def python_fit_multivariate_BlackScholesMerton_model(
-        ts: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        multiprices: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]
-) -> tuple[NDArray[Shape["*"], Float], NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]]:
+        ts: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        multiprices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]
+) -> tuple[Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]], Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]]:
     """Fit a multivariate Black-Scholes-Merton model to price data for multiple assets.
     
     This function estimates the parameters of the multivariate Black-Scholes-Merton model,
diff --git a/src/finsim/estimate/native/pyrisk.py b/src/finsim/estimate/native/pyrisk.py
index 72541ea..67c82da 100644
--- a/src/finsim/estimate/native/pyrisk.py
+++ b/src/finsim/estimate/native/pyrisk.py
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 
+from typing import Literal, Annotated
+
 import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
 import numba as nb
-from nptyping import NDArray, Shape, Float
 
 
 @nb.njit
 def python_estimate_downside_risk(
-        ts: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        prices: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
+        ts: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        prices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
         target_return: float
 ) -> float:
     """Estimate the downside risk of an asset based on historical price data.
@@ -35,8 +37,8 @@ def python_estimate_downside_risk(
 
 @nb.njit
 def python_estimate_upside_risk(
-        ts: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        prices: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
+        ts: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        prices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
         target_return: float
 ) -> float:
     """Estimate the upside risk of an asset based on historical price data.
diff --git a/src/finsim/estimate/risk.py b/src/finsim/estimate/risk.py
index f0c469a..83e1681 100644
--- a/src/finsim/estimate/risk.py
+++ b/src/finsim/estimate/risk.py
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 
-from typing import Literal
+from typing import Literal, Annotated
 
 import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
 from scipy import stats
-from nptyping import NDArray, Shape, Float, Datetime64
 
 from .native.pyrisk import python_estimate_downside_risk, python_estimate_upside_risk
 from .constants import dividing_factors_dict
 
 
 def estimate_downside_risk(
-        timestamps: NDArray[Shape["*"], Datetime64],
-        prices: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
+        timestamps: Annotated[NDArray[np.datetime64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        prices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
         target_return: float,
         unit: Literal['second', 'minute', 'hour', 'day', 'year']='year'
 ) -> float:
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ def estimate_downside_risk(
 
 
 def estimate_upside_risk(
-        timestamps: NDArray[Shape["*"], Datetime64],
-        prices: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
+        timestamps: Annotated[NDArray[np.datetime64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        prices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
         target_return: float,
         unit: Literal['second', 'minute', 'hour', 'day', 'year'] = 'year'
 ) -> float:
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ def estimate_upside_risk(
 
 
 def estimate_beta(
-        timestamps: NDArray[Shape["*"], Datetime64],
-        prices: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        market_prices: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
+        timestamps: Annotated[NDArray[np.datetime64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        prices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        market_prices: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
         unit: Literal['second', 'minute', 'hour', 'day', 'year']='year'
 ) -> float:
     """Estimate the beta coefficient of an asset relative to market performance.
diff --git a/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/metrics.py b/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/metrics.py
index 657cd62..fca3385 100644
--- a/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/metrics.py
+++ b/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/metrics.py
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 
-from typing import Literal
+from typing import Literal, Annotated
 
-from nptyping import NDArray, Shape, Float
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
 
 from .native.pymetrics import python_sharpe_ratio, python_mpt_costfunction, python_mpt_entropy_costfunction
 
 
 def sharpe_ratio(
-        weights: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+        weights: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
         rf: float
 ) -> float:
     """Calculate the Sharpe ratio for a portfolio.
@@ -27,9 +28,9 @@ def sharpe_ratio(
 
 
 def mpt_costfunction(
-        weights: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+        weights: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
         rf: float,
         lamb: float,
         V0: float=10.
@@ -52,9 +53,9 @@ def mpt_costfunction(
 
 
 def mpt_entropy_costfunction(
-        weights: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+        weights: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
         rf: float,
         lamb0: float,
         lamb1: float,
diff --git a/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/numerics.py b/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/numerics.py
index 7d102e7..0b20f8b 100644
--- a/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/numerics.py
+++ b/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/numerics.py
@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@
 from functools import partial
 from itertools import product
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Optional, Literal, Annotated
 from os import PathLike
 
 import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
 import pandas as pd
 from scipy.optimize import minimize, OptimizeResult
 from tqdm import tqdm
 import numba as nb
-from nptyping import NDArray, Shape, Float
 
 from .metrics import sharpe_ratio, mpt_costfunction, mpt_entropy_costfunction
 from ..helper import align_timestamps_stock_dataframes
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 @nb.njit(nb.float64(nb.float64[:], nb.float64, nb.int32))
 def getarrayelementminusminvalue(
-        array: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
+        array: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
         minvalue: float,
         index: int
 ) -> float:
@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@ def getarrayelementminusminvalue(
 
 
 @nb.njit(nb.float64(nb.float64[:], nb.float64))
-def checksumarray(array: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float], total: float) -> float:
+def checksumarray(
+        array: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        total: float
+) -> float:
     """Calculate the difference between a total and the sum of an array.
     
     Args:
@@ -55,8 +58,8 @@ def checksumarray(array: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float], total: float) -> float:
 
 
 def optimized_portfolio_on_sharperatio(
-        r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+        r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
         rf: float,
         minweight: float=0.
 ) -> OptimizeResult:
@@ -91,8 +94,8 @@ def optimized_portfolio_on_sharperatio(
 
 
 def optimized_portfolio_mpt_costfunction(
-        r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+        r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
         rf: float,
         lamb: float,
         V0: float=10.
@@ -129,8 +132,8 @@ def optimized_portfolio_mpt_costfunction(
 
 
 def optimized_portfolio_mpt_entropy_costfunction(
-        r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+        r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
         rf: float,
         lamb0: float,
         lamb1: float,
@@ -208,7 +211,7 @@ def get_BlackScholesMerton_stocks_estimation(
         progressbar: bool=True,
         cacheddir: Optional[PathLike | str]=None,
         include_dividends: bool=False
-) -> tuple[NDArray[Shape["*"], Float], NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]]:
+) -> tuple[Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]], Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]]:
     """Get Black-Scholes-Merton model estimations for a list of stocks.
     
     Args:
@@ -289,7 +292,7 @@ def get_stocks_timeweighted_estimation(
         progressbar: bool=True,
         cacheddir: Optional[PathLike | str]=None,
         include_dividends: bool=False
-) -> tuple[NDArray[Shape["*"], Float], NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]]:
+) -> tuple[Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]], Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]]:
     """Get time-weighted estimations for a list of stocks.
     
     Args:
diff --git a/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/policy.py b/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/policy.py
index 1954f22..37e21dc 100644
--- a/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/policy.py
+++ b/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/policy.py
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 
 from itertools import product
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any, Optional, Literal, Annotated
 
 import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
 import pandas as pd
 import numba as nb
-from nptyping import NDArray, Shape, Float
 
 from .numerics import optimized_portfolio_on_sharperatio, optimized_portfolio_mpt_costfunction, optimized_portfolio_mpt_entropy_costfunction
 
 
 @nb.njit
-def mat_to_list(mat: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]) -> list[list[float]]:
+def mat_to_list(mat: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]) -> list[list[float]]:
     """Convert a 2D numpy array to a list of lists.
     
     Args:
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class OptimizedWeightingPolicy(ABC):
     def __init__(
             self,
             rf: float,
-            r: Optional[NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]]=None,
-            cov: Optional[NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]]=None,
+            r: Optional[Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]]=None,
+            cov: Optional[Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]]=None,
             symbols: Optional[list[str]]=None
     ):
         """Initialize the OptimizedWeightingPolicy.
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ def __init__(
     @abstractmethod
     def optimize(
             self,
-            r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-            cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+            r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+            cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
             symbols: Optional[list[str]]=None
     ) -> None:
         """Optimize the portfolio weights.
@@ -91,11 +91,11 @@ def portfolio_symbols(self) -> list[str]:
 
     @property
     @abstractmethod
-    def weights(self) -> NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]:
+    def weights(self) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]:
         """Get the optimized weights for each asset.
         
         Returns:
-            NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]: Array of optimized weights
+            Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]: Array of optimized weights
         """
         raise NotImplemented()
 
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ def volatility(self) -> float:
         raise NotImplemented()
 
     @property
-    def correlation_matrix(self) -> NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]:
+    def correlation_matrix(self) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]:
         """Get the correlation matrix of the optimized portfolio.
         
         Returns:
-            NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]: Correlation matrix of the portfolio
+            Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]: Correlation matrix of the portfolio
         """
         corr = np.zeros(self.cov.shape)
         for i, j in product(range(self.cov.shape[0]), range(self.cov.shape[1])):
@@ -187,8 +187,8 @@ class OptimizedWeightingPolicyUsingMPTSharpeRatio(OptimizedWeightingPolicy):
     def __init__(
             self,
             rf: float,
-            r: Optional[NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]]=None,
-            cov: Optional[NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]]=None,
+            r: Optional[Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]]=None,
+            cov: Optional[Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]]=None,
             symbols: Optional[list[str]]=None,
             minweight: float=0.
     ):
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ def __init__(
 
     def optimize(
             self,
-            r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-            cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+            r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+            cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
             symbols: Optional[list[str]]=None
     ) -> None:
         """Optimize the portfolio weights using the Sharpe ratio.
@@ -232,11 +232,11 @@ def optimize(
         self.optimized_volatility = np.sqrt(np.sum(sqweights * self.cov))
 
     @property
-    def weights(self) -> NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]:
+    def weights(self) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]:
         """Get the optimized weights for each asset.
         
         Returns:
-            NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]: Array of optimized weights
+            Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]: Array of optimized weights
         """
         return self.optimized_weights
 
@@ -298,8 +298,8 @@ class OptimizedWeightingPolicyUsingMPTCostFunction(OptimizedWeightingPolicy):
     def __init__(
             self,
             rf: float,
-            r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-            cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+            r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+            cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
             symbols: Optional[list[str]]=None,
             lamb: float=0.0,
             V0: float=10.0
@@ -323,8 +323,8 @@ def __init__(
 
     def optimize(
             self,
-            r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-            cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+            r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+            cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
             symbols: Optional[list[str]]=None
     ) -> None:
         """Optimize the portfolio weights using the MPT cost function.
@@ -348,11 +348,11 @@ def optimize(
         self.optimized_volatility = np.sqrt(np.sum(sqweights * self.cov))
 
     @property
-    def weights(self) -> NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]:
+    def weights(self) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]:
         """Get the optimized weights for each asset.
         
         Returns:
-            NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]: Array of optimized weights
+            Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]: Array of optimized weights
         """
         return self.optimized_weights
 
@@ -416,8 +416,8 @@ class OptimizedWeightingPolicyUsingMPTEntropyCostFunction(OptimizedWeightingPoli
     def __init__(
             self,
             rf: float,
-            r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]=None,
-            cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]=None,
+            r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]=None,
+            cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]=None,
             symbols: Optional[list[str]]=None,
             lamb0: float=0.0,
             lamb1: float=0.0,
@@ -444,8 +444,8 @@ def __init__(
 
     def optimize(
             self,
-            r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-            cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+            r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+            cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
             symbols: Optional[list[str]]=None
     ) -> None:
         """Optimize the portfolio weights using the MPT entropy cost function.
@@ -469,11 +469,11 @@ def optimize(
         self.optimized_volatility = np.sqrt(np.sum(sqweights * self.cov))
 
     @property
-    def weights(self) -> NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]:
+    def weights(self) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]:
         """Get the optimized weights for each asset.
         
         Returns:
-            NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]: Array of optimized weights
+            Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]: Array of optimized weights
         """
         return self.optimized_weights
 
diff --git a/src/finsim/portfolio/portfolio.py b/src/finsim/portfolio/portfolio.py
index 54de67a..10c8482 100644
--- a/src/finsim/portfolio/portfolio.py
+++ b/src/finsim/portfolio/portfolio.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import logging
 import sys
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any, Optional, Literal, Annotated
 from os import PathLike
 from io import TextIOWrapper
 if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@
 else:
     from typing import Self
 
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
 from tqdm import tqdm
 import pandas as pd
-from nptyping import NDArray, Shape, Float
 
 from ..data.preader import get_yahoofinance_data, get_symbol_closing_price
 from .optimize.policy import OptimizedWeightingPolicy
@@ -364,11 +365,11 @@ def portfolio_symbols(self) -> list[str]:
         return self.policy.portfolio_symbols
 
     @property
-    def weights(self) -> NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]:
+    def weights(self) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]:
         """Get the optimized weights for each asset.
         
         Returns:
-            NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]: Array of optimized weights
+            Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]: Array of optimized weights
         """
         return self.policy.weights
 
@@ -391,11 +392,11 @@ def volatility(self) -> float:
         return self.policy.volatility
 
     @property
-    def correlation_matrix(self) -> NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]:
+    def correlation_matrix(self) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]:
         """Get the correlation matrix of the optimized portfolio.
         
         Returns:
-            NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float]: Correlation matrix of the portfolio
+            Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]]: Correlation matrix of the portfolio
         """
         return self.policy.correlation_matrix
 
diff --git a/src/finsim/simulation/stock.py b/src/finsim/simulation/stock.py
index f590d5e..a5106f2 100644
--- a/src/finsim/simulation/stock.py
+++ b/src/finsim/simulation/stock.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from math import log, exp
+from typing import Literal, Annotated
 
 import numpy as np
-from nptyping import NDArray, Shape, Float
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
 
 
 class AbstractStochasticValue(ABC):
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ def generate_time_series(
             T: float,
             dt: float,
             nbsimulations: int=1
-    ) -> NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]:
+    ) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]:
         """Generate a time series of stock prices using the Black-Scholes-Merton model.
         
         Args:
@@ -88,7 +89,12 @@ def __init__(self, x0: float, theta: float, kappa: float, sigma: float):
         self.kappa = kappa
         self.sigma = sigma
 
-    def generate_time_series(self, T: float, dt: float, nbsimulations: int=1) -> NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]:
+    def generate_time_series(
+            self,
+            T: float,
+            dt: float,
+            nbsimulations: int=1
+    ) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]:
         """Generate a time series of values using the square root diffusion process.
         
         Args:
@@ -139,7 +145,7 @@ def __init__(self, S0: float, r: float, v0: float, theta: float, kappa: float, s
         self.logS0 = log(self.S0)
         self.rho = np.array([[1., self.rho], [self.rho, 1.]])
 
-    def generate_time_series(self, T: float, dt: float, nbsimulations: int=1) -> NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]:
+    def generate_time_series(self, T: float, dt: float, nbsimulations: int=1) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]:
         """Generate a time series of stock prices using the Heston model.
         
         Args:
@@ -202,7 +208,7 @@ def __init__(self, S0: float, r: float, sigma: float, mu: float, lamb: float, de
 
         self.logS0 = log(self.S0)
 
-    def generate_time_series(self, T: float, dt: float, nbsimulations: int=1) -> NDArray[Shape["*"], Float]:
+    def generate_time_series(self, T: float, dt: float, nbsimulations: int=1) -> Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]]:
         """Generate a time series of stock prices using the Merton jump-diffusion model.
         
         Args:

From 331f8f45916dda470762e230e8e0f44929c76df5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho <3810067+stephenhky@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 18:20:13 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 4/9] remove dependene on `nptyping` further

---
 .../portfolio/optimize/native/pymetrics.py    | 22 ++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/native/pymetrics.py b/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/native/pymetrics.py
index f52f75f..2c0cb97 100644
--- a/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/native/pymetrics.py
+++ b/src/finsim/portfolio/optimize/native/pymetrics.py
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 
+from typing import Literal, Annotated
+
 import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import NDArray
 import numba as nb
-from nptyping import NDArray, Shape, Float
 
 
 @nb.njit
 def python_sharpe_ratio(
-        weights: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+        weights: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
         rf: float
 ) -> float:
     """Calculate the Sharpe ratio for a portfolio using Python/Numba.
@@ -30,9 +32,9 @@ def python_sharpe_ratio(
 
 @nb.njit
 def python_mpt_costfunction(
-        weights: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+        weights: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
         rf: float,
         lamb: float,
         V0: float=10.
@@ -57,9 +59,9 @@ def python_mpt_costfunction(
 
 @nb.njit
 def python_mpt_entropy_costfunction(
-        weights: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        r: NDArray[Shape["*"], Float],
-        cov: NDArray[Shape["*, *"], Float],
+        weights: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        r: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["1D array"]],
+        cov: Annotated[NDArray[np.float64], Literal["2D array"]],
         rf: float,
         lamb0: float,
         lamb1: float,

From 382f5fc9363aa22774d5567751ffbda8553ce711 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho <3810067+stephenhky@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 19:10:59 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 5/9] updated Github workflow

---
 .github/workflow/tests.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflow/tests.yaml b/.github/workflow/tests.yaml
index 27ec8be..d96385d 100644
--- a/.github/workflow/tests.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflow/tests.yaml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ on:
     branches:
       - '**'
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ master. develop ]
+    branches: [ master, develop ]
 
 jobs:
   build_and_test:

From b1167025983f553e887ee19075af81b261a16e17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho <3810067+stephenhky@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 19:17:16 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 6/9] refactoring

---
 .github/{workflow => workflows}/publish-to-pypi.yaml | 0
 .github/{workflow => workflows}/tests.yaml           | 0
 2 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename .github/{workflow => workflows}/publish-to-pypi.yaml (100%)
 rename .github/{workflow => workflows}/tests.yaml (100%)

diff --git a/.github/workflow/publish-to-pypi.yaml b/.github/workflows/publish-to-pypi.yaml
similarity index 100%
rename from .github/workflow/publish-to-pypi.yaml
rename to .github/workflows/publish-to-pypi.yaml
diff --git a/.github/workflow/tests.yaml b/.github/workflows/tests.yaml
similarity index 100%
rename from .github/workflow/tests.yaml
rename to .github/workflows/tests.yaml

From bad035fdc84fba24b0b4ecaea6b8d9fbe3b9946e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho <3810067+stephenhky@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 19:21:43 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 7/9] updated Github testing workdlow

---
 .github/workflows/tests.yaml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yaml b/.github/workflows/tests.yaml
index d96385d..62c9e8b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yaml
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
           pip install --user --upgrade pip
-          pip install --user --upgrade setuptools wheel Cython
+          pip install --user --upgrade setuptools wheel
           pip cache purge
           pip install --user .
           pip install --user .[test]
       - name: Run tests
-        run: pytest --doctest-cython
+        run: pytest

From 8288b883f5d7215d424e7b80bcfa889e45b67a4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho <3810067+stephenhky@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 12:13:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 8/9] updated resource class for CirleCI

---
 .circleci/config.yml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.circleci/config.yml b/.circleci/config.yml
index 46e35f3..f7c4bf5 100644
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ version: 2
 shared: &shared
   working_directory: ~/finsim
 
+  resource_class: medium+
   steps:
     - checkout
 

From 825745a21c90d09b384760365746b1c138818f9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho <3810067+stephenhky@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 12:45:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 9/9] release 1.2.1

---
 pyproject.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 012638a..6441df7 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "finsim"
-version = "1.2.1a2"
+version = "1.2.1"
 authors = [
     {name = "Kwan Yuet Stephen Ho", email = "stephenhky@yahoo.com.hk"}
 ]