diff --git a/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/converters/index.ts b/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/converters/index.ts
index 2857cfa29b..f94a3d6132 100644
--- a/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/converters/index.ts
+++ b/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/converters/index.ts
@@ -15,3 +15,5 @@ export { convertSubscript } from './subscript.js';
 export { convertSuperscript } from './superscript.js';
 export { convertSubSuperscript } from './sub-superscript.js';
 export { convertRadical } from './radical.js';
+export { convertLowerLimit } from './lower-limit.js';
+export { convertUpperLimit } from './upper-limit.js';
diff --git a/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/converters/lower-limit.ts b/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/converters/lower-limit.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bda0ffabd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/converters/lower-limit.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import type { MathObjectConverter } from '../types.js';
+
+const MATHML_NS = 'http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML';
+
+/**
+ * Convert m:limLow (lower limit) to MathML <munder>.
+ *
+ * OMML structure:
+ *   m:limLow → m:limLowPr (optional), m:e (base, e.g. "lim"), m:lim (limit expression)
+ *
+ * MathML output:
+ *   <munder> <mrow>base</mrow> <mrow>lim</mrow> </munder>
+ *
+ * @spec ECMA-376 §22.1.2.54
+ */
+export const convertLowerLimit: MathObjectConverter = (node, doc, convertChildren) => {
+  const elements = node.elements ?? [];
+  const base = elements.find((e) => e.name === 'm:e');
+  const lim = elements.find((e) => e.name === 'm:lim');
+
+  const munder = doc.createElementNS(MATHML_NS, 'munder');
+
+  const baseRow = doc.createElementNS(MATHML_NS, 'mrow');
+  baseRow.appendChild(convertChildren(base?.elements ?? []));
+  munder.appendChild(baseRow);
+
+  const limRow = doc.createElementNS(MATHML_NS, 'mrow');
+  limRow.appendChild(convertChildren(lim?.elements ?? []));
+  munder.appendChild(limRow);
+
+  return munder;
+};
diff --git a/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/converters/upper-limit.ts b/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/converters/upper-limit.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a6f1e487a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/converters/upper-limit.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import type { MathObjectConverter } from '../types.js';
+
+const MATHML_NS = 'http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML';
+
+/**
+ * Convert m:limUpp (upper limit) to MathML <mover>.
+ *
+ * OMML structure:
+ *   m:limUpp → m:limUppPr (optional), m:e (base), m:lim (limit expression placed above)
+ *
+ * MathML output:
+ *   <mover> <mrow>base</mrow> <mrow>lim</mrow> </mover>
+ *
+ * @spec ECMA-376 §22.1.2.56
+ */
+export const convertUpperLimit: MathObjectConverter = (node, doc, convertChildren) => {
+  const elements = node.elements ?? [];
+  const base = elements.find((e) => e.name === 'm:e');
+  const lim = elements.find((e) => e.name === 'm:lim');
+
+  const mover = doc.createElementNS(MATHML_NS, 'mover');
+
+  const baseRow = doc.createElementNS(MATHML_NS, 'mrow');
+  baseRow.appendChild(convertChildren(base?.elements ?? []));
+  mover.appendChild(baseRow);
+
+  const limRow = doc.createElementNS(MATHML_NS, 'mrow');
+  limRow.appendChild(convertChildren(lim?.elements ?? []));
+  mover.appendChild(limRow);
+
+  return mover;
+};
diff --git a/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/omml-to-mathml.test.ts b/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/omml-to-mathml.test.ts
index ba65368aa2..4dc7d99ef2 100644
--- a/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/omml-to-mathml.test.ts
+++ b/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/omml-to-mathml.test.ts
@@ -1642,3 +1642,290 @@ describe('m:rad converter', () => {
     expect(msqrt!.textContent).toBe('');
   });
 });
+
+describe('m:limLow converter', () => {
+  it('converts m:limLow to <munder> with base and lower limit', () => {
+    // lim_{n→∞}
+    const omml = {
+      name: 'm:oMath',
+      elements: [
+        {
+          name: 'm:limLow',
+          elements: [
+            {
+              name: 'm:e',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'lim' }] }] }],
+            },
+            {
+              name: 'm:lim',
+              elements: [
+                { name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'n' }] }] },
+                { name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: '\u2192' }] }] },
+                { name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: '\u221E' }] }] },
+              ],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const result = convertOmmlToMathml(omml, doc);
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull();
+    const munder = result!.querySelector('munder');
+    expect(munder).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(munder!.children.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(munder!.children[0]!.textContent).toBe('lim');
+    expect(munder!.children[1]!.textContent).toBe('n\u2192\u221E');
+  });
+
+  it('ignores m:limLowPr properties element', () => {
+    const omml = {
+      name: 'm:oMath',
+      elements: [
+        {
+          name: 'm:limLow',
+          elements: [
+            { name: 'm:limLowPr', elements: [{ name: 'm:ctrlPr' }] },
+            {
+              name: 'm:e',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'inf' }] }] }],
+            },
+            {
+              name: 'm:lim',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'x' }] }] }],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const result = convertOmmlToMathml(omml, doc);
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull();
+    const munder = result!.querySelector('munder');
+    expect(munder).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(munder!.children.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(munder!.children[0]!.textContent).toBe('inf');
+    expect(munder!.children[1]!.textContent).toBe('x');
+  });
+
+  it('wraps multi-part base and limit in <mrow> for valid arity', () => {
+    // lim_{n→∞} — limit has 3 runs that must be grouped
+    const omml = {
+      name: 'm:oMath',
+      elements: [
+        {
+          name: 'm:limLow',
+          elements: [
+            {
+              name: 'm:e',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'lim' }] }] }],
+            },
+            {
+              name: 'm:lim',
+              elements: [
+                { name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'n' }] }] },
+                { name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: '\u2192' }] }] },
+                { name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: '\u221E' }] }] },
+              ],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+    const result = convertOmmlToMathml(omml, doc);
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull();
+    const munder = result!.querySelector('munder');
+    expect(munder).not.toBeNull();
+    // <munder> must have exactly 2 children (base + limit), each wrapped in <mrow>
+    expect(munder!.children.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(munder!.children[0]!.textContent).toBe('lim');
+    expect(munder!.children[1]!.textContent).toBe('n\u2192\u221E');
+  });
+
+  it('handles missing m:lim gracefully', () => {
+    const omml = {
+      name: 'm:oMath',
+      elements: [
+        {
+          name: 'm:limLow',
+          elements: [
+            {
+              name: 'm:e',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'lim' }] }] }],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const result = convertOmmlToMathml(omml, doc);
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull();
+    const munder = result!.querySelector('munder');
+    expect(munder).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(munder!.children[0]!.textContent).toBe('lim');
+  });
+
+  it('handles missing m:e gracefully', () => {
+    const omml = {
+      name: 'm:oMath',
+      elements: [
+        {
+          name: 'm:limLow',
+          elements: [
+            {
+              name: 'm:lim',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'k' }] }] }],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const result = convertOmmlToMathml(omml, doc);
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull();
+    const munder = result!.querySelector('munder');
+    expect(munder).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(munder!.children[1]!.textContent).toBe('k');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('m:limUpp converter', () => {
+  it('converts m:limUpp to <mover> with base and upper limit', () => {
+    const omml = {
+      name: 'm:oMath',
+      elements: [
+        {
+          name: 'm:limUpp',
+          elements: [
+            {
+              name: 'm:e',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'max' }] }] }],
+            },
+            {
+              name: 'm:lim',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'x' }] }] }],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const result = convertOmmlToMathml(omml, doc);
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull();
+    const mover = result!.querySelector('mover');
+    expect(mover).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(mover!.children.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(mover!.children[0]!.textContent).toBe('max');
+    expect(mover!.children[1]!.textContent).toBe('x');
+  });
+
+  it('ignores m:limUppPr properties element', () => {
+    const omml = {
+      name: 'm:oMath',
+      elements: [
+        {
+          name: 'm:limUpp',
+          elements: [
+            { name: 'm:limUppPr', elements: [{ name: 'm:ctrlPr' }] },
+            {
+              name: 'm:e',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: '=' }] }] }],
+            },
+            {
+              name: 'm:lim',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'def' }] }] }],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const result = convertOmmlToMathml(omml, doc);
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull();
+    const mover = result!.querySelector('mover');
+    expect(mover).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(mover!.children.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(mover!.children[0]!.textContent).toBe('=');
+    expect(mover!.children[1]!.textContent).toBe('def');
+  });
+
+  it('wraps multi-part base and limit in <mrow> for valid arity', () => {
+    // A^{i+1} — limit has 3 runs that must be grouped
+    const omml = {
+      name: 'm:oMath',
+      elements: [
+        {
+          name: 'm:limUpp',
+          elements: [
+            {
+              name: 'm:e',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'A' }] }] }],
+            },
+            {
+              name: 'm:lim',
+              elements: [
+                { name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'i' }] }] },
+                { name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: '+' }] }] },
+                { name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: '1' }] }] },
+              ],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+    const result = convertOmmlToMathml(omml, doc);
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull();
+    const mover = result!.querySelector('mover');
+    expect(mover).not.toBeNull();
+    // <mover> must have exactly 2 children (base + limit), each wrapped in <mrow>
+    expect(mover!.children.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(mover!.children[0]!.textContent).toBe('A');
+    expect(mover!.children[1]!.textContent).toBe('i+1');
+  });
+
+  it('handles missing m:lim gracefully', () => {
+    const omml = {
+      name: 'm:oMath',
+      elements: [
+        {
+          name: 'm:limUpp',
+          elements: [
+            {
+              name: 'm:e',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'sup' }] }] }],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const result = convertOmmlToMathml(omml, doc);
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull();
+    const mover = result!.querySelector('mover');
+    expect(mover).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(mover!.children[0]!.textContent).toBe('sup');
+  });
+
+  it('handles missing m:e gracefully', () => {
+    const omml = {
+      name: 'm:oMath',
+      elements: [
+        {
+          name: 'm:limUpp',
+          elements: [
+            {
+              name: 'm:lim',
+              elements: [{ name: 'm:r', elements: [{ name: 'm:t', elements: [{ type: 'text', text: 'n' }] }] }],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const result = convertOmmlToMathml(omml, doc);
+    expect(result).not.toBeNull();
+    const mover = result!.querySelector('mover');
+    expect(mover).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(mover!.children[1]!.textContent).toBe('n');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/omml-to-mathml.ts b/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/omml-to-mathml.ts
index 8c3d9509a8..149869d0b7 100644
--- a/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/omml-to-mathml.ts
+++ b/packages/layout-engine/painters/dom/src/features/math/omml-to-mathml.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import {
   convertSuperscript,
   convertSubSuperscript,
   convertRadical,
+  convertLowerLimit,
+  convertUpperLimit,
 } from './converters/index.js';
 
 export const MATHML_NS = 'http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML';
@@ -44,6 +46,9 @@ const MATH_OBJECT_REGISTRY: Record<string, MathObjectConverter | null> = {
   'm:d': convertDelimiter, // Delimiter (parentheses, brackets, braces)
   'm:f': convertFraction, // Fraction (numerator/denominator)
   'm:func': convertFunction, // Function apply (sin, cos, log, etc.)
+  'm:limLow': convertLowerLimit, // Lower limit (e.g., lim)
+  'm:limUpp': convertUpperLimit, // Upper limit
+  'm:rad': convertRadical, // Radical (square root, nth root)
   'm:sSub': convertSubscript, // Subscript
   'm:sSup': convertSuperscript, // Superscript
   'm:sSubSup': convertSubSuperscript, // Sub-superscript (both)
@@ -54,12 +59,9 @@ const MATH_OBJECT_REGISTRY: Record<string, MathObjectConverter | null> = {
   'm:box': null, // Box (invisible grouping container)
   'm:eqArr': null, // Equation array (vertical array of equations)
   'm:groupChr': null, // Group character (overbrace, underbrace)
-  'm:limLow': null, // Lower limit (e.g., lim)
-  'm:limUpp': null, // Upper limit
   'm:m': null, // Matrix (grid of elements)
   'm:nary': null, // N-ary operator (integral, summation, product)
   'm:phant': null, // Phantom (invisible spacing placeholder)
-  'm:rad': convertRadical, // Radical (square root, nth root)
   'm:sPre': null, // Pre-sub-superscript (left of base)
 };