projections.jsonl

{"from": "frontal_R", "to": "putamen_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Corticostriatal (motor)", "description": "Sensorimotor frontal cortex drives the putamen, the motor input nucleus of the basal ganglia.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 986, "quote": "the sensorimotor territories of the dorsolateral striatum receive collateral fibers from motor cortex axons that send signals to the spinal cord."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "frontal_R", "to": "caudate_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Corticostriatal (associative)", "description": "Prefrontal cortex drives the caudate (associative striatum).", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 918, "quote": "The substantia nigra is suppressed by the caudate nucleus, which in turn is excited by the frontal eye fields."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "parietal_R", "to": "caudate_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Corticostriatal (parietal)", "description": "Posterior parietal association cortex projects to the caudate.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 981, "quote": "The striatum is the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia. It receives direct input from most regions of the cerebral cortex and limbic structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "temporal_R", "to": "caudate_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Corticostriatal (temporal)", "description": "Temporal association cortex projects to the striatum.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 981, "quote": "The striatum is the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia. It receives direct input from most regions of the cerebral cortex and limbic structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "frontal_R", "to": "subthalamic_nucleus_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Hyperdirect (corticosubthalamic)", "description": "Cortex excites the subthalamic nucleus directly, the fast 'hyperdirect' brake on movement.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 986, "quote": "The subthalamus therefore receives phasic excitatory (glutamatergic) signals from the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brain stem."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "putamen_R", "to": "globus_pallidus_R", "kind": "inhibitory", "neurotransmitter": "GABA", "label": "Striatopallidal (direct)", "description": "Direct-pathway striatal neurons inhibit the internal pallidum, releasing (disinhibiting) the thalamus.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 982, "quote": "Most connections of the globus pallidus are with other basal ganglia nuclei, including inhibitory (GABAergic) input from the striatum and excitatory (glutamatergic) input from the subthalamus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "caudate_R", "to": "globus_pallidus_R", "kind": "inhibitory", "neurotransmitter": "GABA", "label": "Striatopallidal (direct)", "description": "Caudate direct-pathway output to the internal pallidum.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 982, "quote": "Most connections of the globus pallidus are with other basal ganglia nuclei, including inhibitory (GABAergic) input from the striatum and excitatory (glutamatergic) input from the subthalamus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "putamen_R", "to": "substantia_nigra_R", "kind": "inhibitory", "neurotransmitter": "GABA", "label": "Striatonigral (direct)", "description": "Direct-pathway striatal output to the substantia nigra pars reticulata.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 982, "quote": "The substantia nigra pars reticulata is the second principal output nucleus. It also receives afferents from other basal ganglia nuclei and provides efferent connections to the thalamus and brain stem. Inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs come from the striatum and globus pallidus (external) and excitatory input from the subthalamus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "caudate_R", "to": "substantia_nigra_R", "kind": "inhibitory", "neurotransmitter": "GABA", "label": "Striatonigral (direct)", "description": "Caudate direct-pathway output to the substantia nigra.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 982, "quote": "The substantia nigra pars reticulata is the second principal output nucleus. It also receives afferents from other basal ganglia nuclei and provides efferent connections to the thalamus and brain stem. Inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs come from the striatum and globus pallidus (external) and excitatory input from the subthalamus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "globus_pallidus_R", "to": "subthalamic_nucleus_R", "kind": "inhibitory", "neurotransmitter": "GABA", "label": "Pallidosubthalamic (indirect)", "description": "External pallidum inhibits the STN in the indirect pathway.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 986, "quote": "Following cortical activation, short-latency excitatory effects in the subthalamus are thought to be mediated via these \"hyperdirect\" connections, whereas longer-latency suppressive effects are more likely to come from indirect inhibitory inputs from other basal ganglia nuclei, principally the external globus pallidus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "subthalamic_nucleus_R", "to": "globus_pallidus_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Subthalamopallidal", "description": "The STN excites the pallidum, amplifying basal-ganglia output (indirect/hyperdirect pathways).", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 982, "quote": "The subthalamic nucleus is the only component of the basal ganglia that has excitatory (glutamatergic) output connections. These project to both output nuclei and to the intrinsic external globus pallidus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "substantia_nigra_R", "to": "putamen_R", "kind": "dopaminergic", "neurotransmitter": "Dopamine", "label": "Nigrostriatal", "description": "Substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine sets the balance between the direct and indirect striatal pathways.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 982, "quote": "The substantia nigra pars compacta/ventral tegmental area contain an important population of dopaminergic neurons. These neurons represent the third major input station of the basal ganglia and give rise to the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic/mesocortical dopamine projections."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "substantia_nigra_R", "to": "caudate_R", "kind": "dopaminergic", "neurotransmitter": "Dopamine", "label": "Nigrostriatal", "description": "Dopaminergic modulation of the caudate.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 982, "quote": "The substantia nigra pars compacta/ventral tegmental area contain an important population of dopaminergic neurons. These neurons represent the third major input station of the basal ganglia and give rise to the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic/mesocortical dopamine projections."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "globus_pallidus_R", "to": "thalamus_R", "kind": "inhibitory", "neurotransmitter": "GABA", "label": "Pallidothalamic", "description": "The internal pallidum tonically inhibits the motor thalamus, the output gate of the loop.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 982, "quote": "Neurons of the internal globus pallidus are themselves GABAergic and have high levels of tonic activity. Under normal circumstances, this imposes powerful inhibitory effects on targets in the thalamus, lateral habenula, and brain stem."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "substantia_nigra_R", "to": "thalamus_R", "kind": "inhibitory", "neurotransmitter": "GABA", "label": "Nigrothalamic", "description": "Substantia nigra pars reticulata inhibitory output to the thalamus.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 982, "quote": "Pars reticulata neurons are also GABAergic and impose strong inhibitory control over parts of the thalamus and brain stem, including the superior colliculus, pedunculopontine nucleus, and parts of the midbrain and medullary reticular formation."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "thalamus_R", "to": "frontal_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Thalamocortical", "description": "Motor thalamus excites frontal cortex, closing the cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 130, "quote": "The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei are important for motor control and carry information from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the motor cortex."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "occipital_R", "to": "thalamus_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Corticothalamic (visual)", "description": "Occipital (visual) cortex reciprocally connects with the thalamus (pulvinar / lateral geniculate).", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 149, "quote": "In most cases, two areas that have feedforward connections also have feedback connections; for example, there are numerous connections from primary visual cortex back to the thalamus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "frontal_R", "to": "pons", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Corticopontine", "description": "Cortex projects to the pontine nuclei (pons), the first leg of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar route.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 958, "quote": "The cerebral cortex projects to the lateral cerebellum through relays in the pontine nuclei."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "pons", "to": "cerebellum", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Pontocerebellar (mossy fibers)", "description": "Pontine nuclei send mossy fibers to the cerebellar cortex.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 958, "quote": "The cerebral cortex projects to the lateral cerebellum through relays in the pontine nuclei."}]}
{"from": "cerebellum", "to": "thalamus_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Cerebellothalamic (dentatothalamic)", "description": "Deep cerebellar nuclei drive the motor thalamus, feeding the cerebellar loop back to cortex.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 964, "quote": "The output is transmitted through the dentate nucleus, which projects via the thalamus to contralateral motor, premotor, parietal, and prefrontal cortices."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "temporal_R", "to": "hippocampus_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Perforant path", "description": "Entorhinal (medial temporal) cortex drives the hippocampus via the perforant path.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1387, "quote": "In the indirect pathway, the axons of neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex project through the _perforant pathway_ to excite the granule cells of the dentate gyrus (an area considered part of the hippocampus)."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "hippocampus_R", "to": "fornix_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Fornix (hippocampal output)", "description": "The major hippocampal output gathers into the fornix, the great arching tract of the Papez circuit.", "sources": [{"corpus": "nieuwenhuys", "provenance": "verified", "page": 387, "quote": "Contrary to what was believed for almost a century, the entire postcommissural fornix and considerable part of the precommissural fornix originate from the subiculum rather than from Ammon's horn."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "fornix_R", "to": "mammillary_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Postcommissural fornix", "description": "The fornix carries hippocampal output forward to the mammillary bodies (Papez circuit).", "sources": [{"corpus": "nieuwenhuys", "provenance": "verified", "page": 383, "quote": "The main bundle of the fornix or postcommissural fornix finally traverses the hypothalamus, where most of its fibres terminate in the mamillary body."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "mammillary_R", "to": "thalamus_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Mammillothalamic tract", "description": "Mammillary bodies project to the anterior thalamic nuclei, continuing the Papez circuit.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 130, "quote": "The _anterior group_ receives its major input from the mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus and from the presubiculum of the hippocampal formation."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "thalamus_R", "to": "cingulate_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Anterior thalamocingulate", "description": "The anterior thalamic nuclei project to the cingulate gyrus, the next leg of the Papez circuit.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1096, "quote": "The outputs of the hypothalamus reach the cingulate via the anterior thalamus, and the outputs of the cingulate reach the hypothalamus via the hippocampus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "cingulate_R", "to": "hippocampus_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Cingulum (to hippocampus)", "description": "The cingulate gyrus projects back to the hippocampus via the cingulum, closing the Papez loop.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1096, "quote": "The outputs of the hypothalamus reach the cingulate via the anterior thalamus, and the outputs of the cingulate reach the hypothalamus via the hippocampus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "olfactory_bulb_R", "to": "amygdala_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Olfactory projection (to amygdala)", "description": "Mitral cells of the olfactory bulb project to the corticomedial amygdala.", "sources": [{"corpus": "nieuwenhuys", "provenance": "verified", "page": 412, "quote": "Secondary olfactory fibres originating from the olfactory bulb pass by way of the lateral olfactory tract to the amygdala, where they terminate mainly in the cortical nucleus"}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "olfactory_bulb_R", "to": "insula_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Olfactory projection (to olfactory cortex)", "description": "Bulbar output reaches the piriform / insular olfactory cortex.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 735, "quote": "The axons of the mitral and tufted relay neurons of the olfactory bulb project through the lateral olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex (Figure 29–8 and see Figure 29–1)."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "amygdala_R", "to": "hypothalamus_R", "kind": "inhibitory", "neurotransmitter": "GABA", "label": "Stria terminalis", "description": "The amygdala projects to the hypothalamus via the stria terminalis, driving autonomic / endocrine responses.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1380, "quote": "These nuclei project to the central nucleus, which projects to the hypothalamus and brain stem."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "hippocampus_R", "to": "septal_nuclei_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Hippocamposeptal projection", "description": "Hippocampal fibers run in the precommissural fornix to the septal nuclei.", "sources": [{"corpus": "nieuwenhuys", "provenance": "verified", "page": 389, "quote": "The precommissural fornix fibres originating from Ammon's horn terminate exclusively in the lateral septal nucleus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "septal_nuclei_R", "to": "hippocampus_R", "kind": "cholinergic", "neurotransmitter": "Acetylcholine", "label": "Septohippocampal pathway", "description": "Medial septal cholinergic neurons project to the hippocampus, pacing the hippocampal theta rhythm.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1048, "quote": "Rather, scientists refer to the cholinergic neurons by their location, eg, the pedunculopontine (Ch6) and laterodorsal tegmental (Ch5) neurons in the pons, which project widely from the cerebral cortex to the medulla, and the basal forebrain (Ch1–Ch4) groups, which project to the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "accumbens_R", "to": "globus_pallidus_R", "kind": "inhibitory", "neurotransmitter": "GABA", "label": "Accumbens to ventral pallidum", "description": "Nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons project to the (ventral) pallidum, the ventral-striatal output.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1117, "quote": "There are also GABAergic projections from the NAc to the VTA, with some in a direct pathway innervating the VTA and some in an indirect pathway innervating the VTA via intervening GABAergic neurons in the ventral pallidum"}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "hypothalamus_R", "to": "pituitary", "kind": "neuroendocrine", "neurotransmitter": "Releasing hormones", "label": "Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis", "description": "Hypothalamic neurons drive the pituitary via the median eminence / portal system and the posterior hypophyseal tract.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1074, "quote": "Hormone secretion from these cells is controlled by stimulatory and inhibitory factors released by hypothalamic neurons into a specialized circulatory system that carries blood from the base of the brain (median eminence) to the anterior pituitary."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "raphe", "to": "frontal_R", "kind": "serotonergic", "neurotransmitter": "Serotonin", "label": "Ascending serotonergic (prefrontal)", "description": "Dorsal raphe serotonin neurons project diffusely to the prefrontal cortex, shaping mood and cognition.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1052, "quote": "The noradrenergic locus ceruleus, serotonergic dorsal and median raphe nuclei, dopaminergic A10 neurons, and histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons innervate the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and cerebral cortex."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "raphe", "to": "hippocampus_R", "kind": "serotonergic", "neurotransmitter": "Serotonin", "label": "Ascending serotonergic (hippocampal)", "description": "Median raphe serotonin projects to the hippocampus.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1560, "quote": "Serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the pons and medulla project widely to highly diverse terminal fields in brain regions that include the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex (Figures 61–5 and 61–6)."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "raphe", "to": "amygdala_R", "kind": "serotonergic", "neurotransmitter": "Serotonin", "label": "Ascending serotonergic (amygdala)", "description": "Raphe serotonin modulates the amygdala, tuning emotional reactivity.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1560, "quote": "Serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the pons and medulla project widely to highly diverse terminal fields in brain regions that include the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex (Figures 61–5 and 61–6)."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "raphe", "to": "hypothalamus_R", "kind": "serotonergic", "neurotransmitter": "Serotonin", "label": "Ascending serotonergic (hypothalamic)", "description": "Raphe serotonin projects to the hypothalamus, influencing sleep, appetite and neuroendocrine rhythms.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1052, "quote": "The noradrenergic locus ceruleus, serotonergic dorsal and median raphe nuclei, dopaminergic A10 neurons, and histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons innervate the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and cerebral cortex."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "locus_coeruleus_R", "to": "frontal_R", "kind": "noradrenergic", "neurotransmitter": "Noradrenaline", "label": "Ascending noradrenergic (prefrontal)", "description": "Locus coeruleus noradrenaline projects diffusely to the cortex, driving arousal and attention.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1052, "quote": "The noradrenergic locus ceruleus, serotonergic dorsal and median raphe nuclei, dopaminergic A10 neurons, and histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons innervate the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and cerebral cortex."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "locus_coeruleus_R", "to": "hippocampus_R", "kind": "noradrenergic", "neurotransmitter": "Noradrenaline", "label": "Ascending noradrenergic (hippocampal)", "description": "Locus coeruleus noradrenaline projects to the hippocampus.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1560, "quote": "Serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the pons and medulla project widely to highly diverse terminal fields in brain regions that include the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex (Figures 61–5 and 61–6)."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "locus_coeruleus_R", "to": "amygdala_R", "kind": "noradrenergic", "neurotransmitter": "Noradrenaline", "label": "Ascending noradrenergic (amygdala)", "description": "Locus coeruleus noradrenaline sharpens amygdala-dependent emotional memory.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1379, "quote": "This form of learning requires postsynaptic NMDA receptors and voltagegated calcium channels in the lateral amygdala, and it is enhanced by norepinephrine released in lateral amygdala from the locus ceruleus."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "locus_coeruleus_R", "to": "thalamus_R", "kind": "noradrenergic", "neurotransmitter": "Noradrenaline", "label": "Ascending noradrenergic (thalamic)", "description": "Locus coeruleus noradrenaline projects to the thalamus.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1052, "quote": "The noradrenergic locus ceruleus, serotonergic dorsal and median raphe nuclei, dopaminergic A10 neurons, and histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons innervate the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and cerebral cortex."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "vta_R", "to": "accumbens_R", "kind": "dopaminergic", "neurotransmitter": "Dopamine", "label": "Mesolimbic (VTA)", "description": "VTA dopamine projects to the nucleus accumbens, the core of the reward pathway.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1558, "quote": "The reward circuitry comprises the dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to forebrain targets, including the nucleus accumbens, habenula, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala (Chapter 43)."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "vta_R", "to": "frontal_R", "kind": "dopaminergic", "neurotransmitter": "Dopamine", "label": "Mesocortical", "description": "VTA dopamine projects to the prefrontal cortex, supporting motivation and executive control.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1558, "quote": "The reward circuitry comprises the dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to forebrain targets, including the nucleus accumbens, habenula, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala (Chapter 43)."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "vta_R", "to": "amygdala_R", "kind": "dopaminergic", "neurotransmitter": "Dopamine", "label": "Mesolimbic (amygdala)", "description": "VTA dopamine innervates the amygdala.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1558, "quote": "The reward circuitry comprises the dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to forebrain targets, including the nucleus accumbens, habenula, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala (Chapter 43)."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "vta_R", "to": "hippocampus_R", "kind": "dopaminergic", "neurotransmitter": "Dopamine", "label": "Mesolimbic (hippocampal)", "description": "VTA dopamine projects to the hippocampus, gating reward-related memory.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1558, "quote": "The reward circuitry comprises the dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to forebrain targets, including the nucleus accumbens, habenula, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala (Chapter 43)."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "frontal_L", "to": "frontal_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Corpus callosum (frontal)", "bidirectional": true, "description": "Homotopic callosal fibers linking the two frontal lobes.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 549, "quote": "A major fiber bundle called the corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres, transmitting information across the midline."}]}
{"from": "parietal_L", "to": "parietal_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Corpus callosum (parietal)", "bidirectional": true, "description": "Homotopic callosal fibers linking the two parietal lobes.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 549, "quote": "A major fiber bundle called the corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres, transmitting information across the midline."}]}
{"from": "occipital_L", "to": "occipital_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Corpus callosum (splenium / occipital)", "bidirectional": true, "description": "Splenial callosal fibers linking the two occipital lobes.", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 549, "quote": "A major fiber bundle called the corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres, transmitting information across the midline."}]}
{"from": "temporal_L", "to": "temporal_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "label": "Anterior commissure", "bidirectional": true, "description": "Older commissure linking the temporal lobes (and olfactory structures).", "sources": [{"corpus": "nieuwenhuys", "provenance": "verified", "page": 617, "quote": "Commissural fibres from the inferotemporal cortex cross in the posterior part of the body of the corpus callosum and in the anterior commissure"}]}
{"from": "claustrum_R", "to": "frontal_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "tentative": true, "label": "Claustro-frontal projection", "bidirectional": true, "description": "Reciprocal claustro-cortical link with prefrontal cortex (implicated in salience / attention).", "mirror": true}
{"from": "claustrum_R", "to": "insula_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "tentative": true, "label": "Claustro-insular projection", "bidirectional": true, "description": "The claustrum tightly interconnects with the adjacent insular cortex.", "mirror": true}
{"from": "insula_R", "to": "cingulate_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "tentative": true, "label": "Salience network link", "bidirectional": true, "description": "The anterior insula and the cingulate co-activate as the salience network.", "sources": [{"corpus": "nieuwenhuys", "provenance": "verified", "page": 655, "quote": "a considerable number of limbic cortical areas, including the entorhinal, perirhinal, temporopolar, posterior orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices, as well as the amygdaloid complex, are reciprocally connected with agranular and dysgranular sectors in the anterior and anterobasal parts of the insula"}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "amygdala_R", "to": "accumbens_R", "kind": "excitatory", "neurotransmitter": "Glutamate", "tentative": true, "label": "Basolateral amygdala to accumbens", "description": "Basolateral amygdala glutamatergic input to the ventral striatum (motivational salience).", "sources": [{"corpus": "kandel", "provenance": "verified", "page": 1124, "quote": "This work is beginning to define the distinct roles that various glutamatergic projections to the nucleus accumbens— from the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus—play in controlling different cell types in the nucleus accumbens and the broader reward circuitry and in producing distinct addiction-related behavioral abnormalities."}], "mirror": true}
{"from": "septal_nuclei_R", "to": "hypothalamus_R", "kind": "inhibitory", "neurotransmitter": "GABA", "tentative": true, "label": "Septohypothalamic projection", "description": "The septal nuclei project to the hypothalamus, a limbic-autonomic relay.", "sources": [{"corpus": "nieuwenhuys", "provenance": "verified", "page": 939, "quote": "Comparable functional specializations have been observed in the organization of the projections from the lateral septal complex to the medial preoptico-hypothalamic zone."}], "mirror": true}