docs: mirco-benchmarks best practices (#6922)

Signed-off-by: Alexander Droste <alexander.droste@protonmail.com>

Author: 0ax1

docs/developer-guide/benchmarking.md

@@ -1,21 +1,158 @@
 # Benchmarking
 
 Vortex has two categories of benchmarks: microbenchmarks for individual operations, and SQL
-benchmarks for end-to-end query performance. The `bench-orchestrator` tool coordinates running
-SQL benchmarks across different engines without compiling them all into a single binary.
+benchmarks for end-to-end query performance.
 
 ## Microbenchmarks
 
-Microbenchmarks use the Divan framework and live in `benches/` directories within individual
-crates. They cover low-level operations such as encoding, decoding, compute kernels, buffer
-operations, and scalar access.
+Microbenchmarks use the Divan framework and live in `benches/` directories within individual crates.
 
 Run microbenchmarks for a specific crate with:
 
 ```bash
 cargo bench -p <crate-name>
 ```
 
+## Best Practices
+
+### Separate setup from profiled code
+
+Always use `bencher.with_inputs(|| ...)` so fixture construction is excluded from timing:
+
+```rust
+bencher
+    .with_inputs(|| bench_fixture()))
+    .bench_refs(|(array, indices)| {
+        array.take(indices.to_array()).unwrap()
+    });
+```
+
+### Exclude `Drop` from measurements
+
+Divan measures only the closure body, **not** the `Drop` of its return value.
+Structure your benchmark so that expensive drops happen via the return value or
+via bench_refs inputs.
+
+- **Return the value** from the closure — Divan will drop it after timing stops:
+
+  ```rust
+  bencher
+      .with_inputs(|| make_big_vec())
+      .bench_values(|v| transform(v))  // drop of the result is NOT timed
+  ```
+
+- **Use `bench_refs`** — the input is dropped after the entire sample loop, not per-iteration:
+
+  ```rust
+  bencher
+      .with_inputs(|| make_big_vec())
+      .bench_refs(|v| v.sort())  // v is dropped outside the timed region
+  ```
+
+Structure your benchmark so that expensive drops happen via the return value or via `bench_refs` inputs.
+
+### Black-box inputs to prevent compiler optimization
+
+The compiler can constant-fold or eliminate work if it can prove that inputs are known at
+compile time.
+
+Values provided through `with_inputs` are automatically black-boxed by Divan — no action
+needed:
+
+```rust
+// ✓ `array` and `indices` are automatically black-boxed by Divan
+bencher
+    .with_inputs(|| (&prebuilt_array, &prebuilt_indices))
+    .bench_refs(|(array, indices)| array.take(indices.to_array()).unwrap());
+```
+
+### Captured variables
+
+Variables captured from the surrounding scope are _not_ black-boxed. Wrap them with
+`divan::black_box()` or pass them through `with_inputs` instead:
+
+```rust
+let array = make_array();
+
+// ✗ `array` is captured — the compiler may optimize based on its known contents
+bencher.bench(|| process(&array));
+
+// ✓ Option A: pass through with_inputs
+bencher
+    .with_inputs(|| &array)
+    .bench_refs(|array| process(array));
+
+// ✓ Option B: explicit black_box on the capture
+bencher.bench(|| process(divan::black_box(&array)));
+```
+
+### Return values and manual loops
+
+Return values are automatically black-boxed. You only need explicit
+`black_box` for side-effect-free results inside manual loops:
+
+```rust
+bencher.with_inputs(|| &array).bench_refs(|array| {
+    for idx in 0..len {
+        divan::black_box(array.scalar_at(idx).unwrap());
+    }
+});
+```
+
+### Use deterministic, seeded RNG
+
+Always use `StdRng::seed_from_u64(N)` for reproducible data generation:
+
+```rust
+let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(0);
+```
+
+### Parameterize with `args`, `consts`, and `types`
+
+Use Divan's parameterization features and define parameter arrays as named constants:
+
+```rust
+const NUM_INDICES: &[usize] = &[1_000, 10_000, 100_000];
+const VECTOR_SIZE: &[usize] = &[16, 256, 2048, 8192];
+
+#[divan::bench(args = NUM_INDICES, consts = VECTOR_SIZE)]
+fn my_bench<const N: usize>(bencher: Bencher, num_indices: usize) { ... }
+```
+
+### Keep per-iteration execution time under ~1 ms
+
+Each individual iteration of the benchmarked closure should complete in
+**less than 1ms**. This is to keep benchmarks snappy, locally and on CI.
+
+### Gate CodSpeed-incompatible benchmarks
+
+Use `#[cfg(not(codspeed))]` for benchmarks that are incompatible with CodSpeed.
+
+### CodSpeed's single-run model
+
+CI benchmarks run under [CodSpeed's CPU simulation](https://codspeed.io/docs/instruments/cpu),
+which executes each benchmark **exactly once** and estimates CPU cycles from the instruction
+trace — including cache and memory access costs. This has several implications:
+
+- **`sample_count` and `sample_size` have no effect** — CodSpeed always runs one iteration.
+- **Results are deterministic** — the simulated cycle count is derived from the instruction
+  trace, not wall-clock time, so there is no noise from system load or scheduling.
+- **System calls are excluded** — CodSpeed only measures user-space code. Benchmarks that
+  rely on I/O or kernel interactions will not reflect those costs, so they should use the
+  [walltime instrument](https://codspeed.io/docs/instruments/walltime) or be gated with
+  `#[cfg(not(codspeed))]`.
+
+### Prefer `mimalloc` for throughput benchmarks
+
+Throughput benchmarks should use `mimalloc` as the global allocator to reduce system allocator
+noise:
+
+```rust
+use mimalloc::MiMalloc;
+#[global_allocator]
+static GLOBAL: MiMalloc = MiMalloc;
+```
+
 ## SQL Benchmarks
 
 SQL benchmarks measure end-to-end query performance across different engines and file formats.
@@ -48,51 +185,11 @@ cargo run --release --bin duckdb-bench -- <benchmark>
 
 ## Orchestrator
 
-The `bench-orchestrator` is a Python CLI tool (`vx-bench`) that coordinates running benchmarks
-across multiple engines. It builds and invokes the per-engine binaries, stores results, and
-provides comparison tooling. This avoids compiling all engines into a single binary, which
-would be slow and create dependency conflicts.
-
-Install it with:
-
-```bash
-uv tool install "bench_orchestrator @ ./bench-orchestrator/"
-```
-
-### Running Benchmarks
-
-```bash
-# Run TPC-H on DataFusion and DuckDB, comparing Parquet and Vortex
-vx-bench run tpch --engine datafusion,duckdb --format parquet,vortex
-
-# Run a subset of queries with fewer iterations
-vx-bench run tpch -q 1,6,12 -i 3
-
-# Run with memory tracking
-vx-bench run tpch --track-memory
-
-# Run with CPU profiling
-vx-bench run tpch --samply
-```
-
-### Comparing Results
-
-```bash
-# Compare formats/engines within the most recent run
-vx-bench compare --run latest
-
-# Compare across two labeled runs
-vx-bench compare --runs baseline,feature
-```
-
-Comparison output is color-coded: green for improvements (>10%), yellow for neutral, red for
-regressions.
-
-### Result Storage
+The `bench-orchestrator` is a Python CLI tool (`vx-bench`) that coordinates running SQL
+benchmarks across multiple engines, stores results, and provides comparison tooling.
 
-Results are stored as JSON Lines files under `target/vortex-bench/runs/`, with each run
-containing metadata (git commit, timestamp, configuration) and per-query timing data. The
-`vx-bench list` command shows recent runs.
+See [`bench-orchestrator/README.md`](https://github.com/vortex-data/vortex/blob/develop/bench-orchestrator/README.md) for installation,
+commands, and example workflows.
 
 ## CI Benchmarks