Add fixed-size binary support

[connortsui20]

Stacked on #8864.

Summary

• add the FixedSizeBinary logical dtype, scalar representation, canonical VTable, builder, and serialization support
• reuse the shared fixed-width physical storage introduced by the base PR while keeping a distinct vortex.fixed_size_binary array ID
• add Arrow, Python, FFI, CUDA, file, compute, fuzz, and conformance integration
• keep FixedSizeList as a separate canonical representation

[codspeed-hq]

Merging this PR will degrade performance by 14.05%

⚠️ Unknown Walltime execution environment detected

Using the Walltime instrument on standard Hosted Runners will lead to inconsistent data.

For the most accurate results, we recommend using CodSpeed Macro Runners: bare-metal machines fine-tuned for performance measurement consistency.

⚡ 1 improved benchmark
❌ 2 regressed benchmarks
✅ 1836 untouched benchmarks
⏩ 3 skipped benchmarks¹

Warning

Please fix the performance issues or acknowledge them on CodSpeed.

Performance Changes

	Mode	Benchmark	BASE	HEAD	Efficiency
❌	Simulation	copy_nullable[65536]	579.4 µs	1,033.6 µs	-43.94%
❌	Simulation	copy_non_nullable[65536]	799.7 µs	913.8 µs	-12.49%
⚡	Simulation	decompress[u8, (1000, 4)]	31 µs	23.9 µs	+29.44%

Tip

Investigate this regression by commenting @codspeedbot fix this regression on this PR, or directly use the CodSpeed MCP with your agent.

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_{Comparing ct/fixed-width-encoding (97c8e02) with ct/fixed-width-primitive-decimal (f124538)}

Footnotes

1. 3 benchmarks were skipped, so the baseline results were used instead. If they were deleted from the codebase, click here and archive them to remove them from the performance reports. ↩

[github-actions]

Polar Signals Profiling Results

Latest Run

Status	Commit	Job	Attempt	Link
🟢 Done	97c8e02		1	Explore Profiling Data

Previous Runs (4)

Status	Commit	Job	Attempt	Link
🟢 Done	0592a4f		1	Explore Profiling Data
🟢 Done	8dedc68		1	Explore Profiling Data
🟢 Done	8ef7bb2		1	Explore Profiling Data
🟢 Done	5dd799a		1	Explore Profiling Data

---

Powered by Polar Signals Cloud

[github-actions]

Benchmarks: Vortex queries 📖

Verdict: No clear signal (low confidence)
Attributed Vortex impact: -0.8%
Engines: DataFusion No clear signal (+6.8%, environment too noisy confidence) · DuckDB No clear signal (-8.0%, medium confidence)
Vortex (geomean): 0.904x ➖
Parquet (geomean): 0.907x ➖
Shifts: Parquet (control) -9.3% · Median polish -10.0%

How to read Verdict and Engines

• Verdict: Overall PR-level signal after subtracting baseline drift estimated from Parquet control rows. It can be Likely improvement, Likely regression, or No clear signal.
• Engines: Per-engine attribution. DataFusion is compared against DataFusion/Parquet controls; DuckDB is compared against DuckDB/Parquet controls. This answers whether each engine improved or regressed independently.
• Confidence: Based on directional consistency, share of rows above the noise floor, and control-run noise.

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datafusion / vortex-file-compressed (0.914x ➖, 0↑ 0↓)

name	PR 97c8e02 (ns)	base 5b688a9 (ns)	ratio (PR/base)
vortex_q00/datafusion:vortex-file-compressed	9882028	10644295	0.93
vortex_q01/datafusion:vortex-file-compressed	6148694	6830634	0.90

datafusion / parquet (0.856x ✅, 2↑ 0↓)

name	PR 97c8e02 (ns)	base 5b688a9 (ns)	ratio (PR/base)
vortex_q00/datafusion:parquet 🚀	20240669	22843824	0.89
vortex_q01/datafusion:parquet 🚀	4494041	5437392	0.83

duckdb / vortex-file-compressed (0.886x ✅, 1↑ 0↓)

name	PR 97c8e02 (ns)	base 5b688a9 (ns)	ratio (PR/base)
vortex_q00/duckdb:vortex-file-compressed	10116646	10947785	0.92
vortex_q01/duckdb:vortex-file-compressed 🚀	5902444	6952563	0.85

duckdb / parquet (0.962x ➖, 0↑ 0↓)

name	PR 97c8e02 (ns)	base 5b688a9 (ns)	ratio (PR/base)
vortex_q00/duckdb:parquet	23374418	24229204	0.96
vortex_q01/duckdb:parquet	9356408	9746132	0.96

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File Size Changes (1 files changed, +0.0% overall, 1↑ 0↓)

File	Scale	Format	Base	HEAD	Change	%
test.vortex	1.0	vortex-file-compressed	80.59 MB	80.59 MB	+48 B	+0.0%

Totals:

• vortex-file-compressed: 80.85 MB → 80.85 MB (+0.0%)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 58.04133% with 467 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 82.00%. Comparing base (35a4157) to head (8dedc68).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
vortex-array/src/arrays/fixed_size_binary/mod.rs	60.16%	194 Missing ⚠️
encodings/sparse/src/canonical.rs	0.00%	44 Missing ⚠️
vortex-array/src/builders/fixed_size_binary.rs	55.55%	44 Missing ⚠️
...rtex-array/src/arrays/constant/vtable/canonical.rs	0.00%	17 Missing ⚠️
...x-array/src/scalar_fn/fns/binary/compare/nested.rs	0.00%	17 Missing ⚠️
vortex-array/src/arrays/dict/execute.rs	0.00%	14 Missing ⚠️
vortex-array/src/canonical.rs	80.28%	14 Missing ⚠️
vortex-datafusion/src/convert/scalars.rs	33.33%	14 Missing ⚠️
vortex-array/src/arrays/masked/execute.rs	0.00%	11 Missing ⚠️
vortex-arrow/src/convert.rs	0.00%	11 Missing ⚠️
... and 26 more

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