From 2cf5a9131fb4ceddb7ba2d473fd3073341c2505f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yonel Ceruto <yonelceruto@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 01:50:26 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] SOLID, DDD, Hexagonal Refactor

---
 public/app/.gitignore                         |  0
 public/app/blog-post/edit.php                 | 38 ++++++++++
 public/app/blog-post/list.php                 | 25 +++++++
 public/app/blog-post/new.php                  | 27 +++++++
 public/app/blog-post/show.php                 | 45 +++++++++++
 src/App/.gitignore                            |  0
 .../Application/Create/CreateUseCase.php      | 28 +++++++
 .../BlogPost/Application/Find/FindUseCase.php | 28 +++++++
 .../Application/Modify/ModifyUseCase.php      | 28 +++++++
 .../Application/Search/SearchUseCase.php      | 24 ++++++
 src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/BlogPost.php    | 71 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../Domain/Model/BlogPostNotFound.php         | 15 ++++
 src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/Normalizer.php  | 12 +++
 src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/Storage.php     | 19 +++++
 src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Service/Factory.php   | 22 ++++++
 .../Normalizer/ReflectionNormalizer.php       | 53 +++++++++++++
 .../Persistence/Storage/FileStorage.php       | 75 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../Presentation/Controller/EditAction.php    | 29 +++++++
 .../Presentation/Controller/ListAction.php    | 28 +++++++
 .../Presentation/Controller/NewAction.php     | 26 +++++++
 .../Presentation/Controller/ShowAction.php    | 24 ++++++
 .../Presentation/Renderer/FormatRenderer.php  | 28 +++++++
 .../Presentation/Renderer/HtmlRenderer.php    | 25 +++++++
 .../Presentation/Renderer/JsonRenderer.php    | 23 ++++++
 .../Presentation/Renderer/Renderer.php        | 12 +++
 .../Renderer/UnsupportedRendererFormat.php    | 20 +++++
 .../Domain/Exception/ExceptionRenderer.php    | 12 +++
 .../Exception/FormatExceptionRenderer.php     | 29 +++++++
 .../Exception/HtmlExceptionRenderer.php       | 15 ++++
 .../Exception/JsonExceptionRenderer.php       | 17 +++++
 30 files changed, 798 insertions(+)
 delete mode 100644 public/app/.gitignore
 create mode 100644 public/app/blog-post/edit.php
 create mode 100644 public/app/blog-post/list.php
 create mode 100644 public/app/blog-post/new.php
 create mode 100644 public/app/blog-post/show.php
 delete mode 100644 src/App/.gitignore
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Application/Create/CreateUseCase.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Application/Find/FindUseCase.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Application/Modify/ModifyUseCase.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Application/Search/SearchUseCase.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/BlogPost.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/BlogPostNotFound.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/Normalizer.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/Storage.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Service/Factory.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Infrastructure/Normalizer/ReflectionNormalizer.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Infrastructure/Persistence/Storage/FileStorage.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/EditAction.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/ListAction.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/NewAction.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/ShowAction.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/FormatRenderer.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/HtmlRenderer.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/JsonRenderer.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/Renderer.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/UnsupportedRendererFormat.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/ExceptionRenderer.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/FormatExceptionRenderer.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/HtmlExceptionRenderer.php
 create mode 100644 src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/JsonExceptionRenderer.php

diff --git a/public/app/.gitignore b/public/app/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29..0000000
diff --git a/public/app/blog-post/edit.php b/public/app/blog-post/edit.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9030139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/app/blog-post/edit.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Find\FindUseCase;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Modify\ModifyUseCase;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Service\Factory;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Infrastructure\Normalizer\ReflectionNormalizer;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Infrastructure\Persistence\Storage\FileStorage;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Controller\EditAction;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer\HtmlRenderer;
+use Solid\App\Shared\Domain\Exception\FormatExceptionRenderer;
+use Solid\App\Shared\Domain\Exception\HtmlExceptionRenderer;
+use Solid\App\Shared\Domain\Exception\JsonExceptionRenderer;
+
+require __DIR__.'/../../../vendor/autoload.php';
+
+$storageDir = __DIR__.'/../../../var/data';
+$storage = new FileStorage(
+    new ReflectionNormalizer(),
+    $storageDir,
+);
+$action = new EditAction(
+    new FindUseCase(
+        $storage,
+    ),
+    new ModifyUseCase(
+        new Factory(),
+        $storage,
+    ),
+    new HtmlRenderer(),
+);
+
+try {
+    $action((int) ($_GET['id'] ?? 0));
+} catch (RuntimeException $exception) {
+    (new HtmlExceptionRenderer())->render($exception);
+}
diff --git a/public/app/blog-post/list.php b/public/app/blog-post/list.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b9006b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/app/blog-post/list.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Search\SearchUseCase;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Infrastructure\Normalizer\ReflectionNormalizer;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Infrastructure\Persistence\Storage\FileStorage;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Controller\ListAction;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer\HtmlRenderer;
+
+require __DIR__.'/../../../vendor/autoload.php';
+
+$storageDir = __DIR__.'/../../../var/data';
+$storage = new FileStorage(
+    new ReflectionNormalizer(),
+    $storageDir,
+);
+$action = new ListAction(
+    new SearchUseCase(
+        $storage,
+    ),
+    new HtmlRenderer(),
+);
+
+$action();
diff --git a/public/app/blog-post/new.php b/public/app/blog-post/new.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c92af01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/app/blog-post/new.php
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Create\CreateUseCase;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Service\Factory;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Infrastructure\Normalizer\ReflectionNormalizer;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Infrastructure\Persistence\Storage\FileStorage;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Controller\NewAction;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer\HtmlRenderer;
+
+require __DIR__.'/../../../vendor/autoload.php';
+
+$storageDir = __DIR__.'/../../../var/data';
+$storage = new FileStorage(
+    new ReflectionNormalizer(),
+    $storageDir,
+);
+$action = new NewAction(
+    new CreateUseCase(
+        new Factory(),
+        $storage,
+    ),
+    new HtmlRenderer(),
+);
+
+$action();
diff --git a/public/app/blog-post/show.php b/public/app/blog-post/show.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3dc3df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/app/blog-post/show.php
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Find\FindUseCase;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Infrastructure\Normalizer\ReflectionNormalizer;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Infrastructure\Persistence\Storage\FileStorage;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Controller\ShowAction;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer\HtmlRenderer;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer\JsonRenderer;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer\FormatRenderer;
+use Solid\App\Shared\Domain\Exception\FormatExceptionRenderer;
+use Solid\App\Shared\Domain\Exception\HtmlExceptionRenderer;
+use Solid\App\Shared\Domain\Exception\JsonExceptionRenderer;
+
+require __DIR__.'/../../../vendor/autoload.php';
+
+$storageDir = __DIR__.'/../../../var/data';
+$normalizer = new ReflectionNormalizer();
+$storage = new FileStorage(
+    $normalizer,
+    $storageDir,
+);
+$action = new ShowAction(
+    new FindUseCase(
+        $storage,
+    ),
+    new FormatRenderer([
+        'html' => new HtmlRenderer(),
+        'json' => new JsonRenderer(
+            $normalizer,
+        ),
+    ]),
+);
+$formatExceptionRenderer = new FormatExceptionRenderer([
+    'html' => new HtmlExceptionRenderer(),
+    'json' => new JsonExceptionRenderer(),
+]);
+$format = $_GET['format'] ?? 'html';
+
+try {
+    $action((int) ($_GET['id'] ?? 0), $format);
+} catch (RuntimeException $exception) {
+    $formatExceptionRenderer->render($exception, $format);
+}
diff --git a/src/App/.gitignore b/src/App/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29..0000000
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Create/CreateUseCase.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Create/CreateUseCase.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..582fc0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Create/CreateUseCase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Create;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\Storage;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Service\Factory;
+
+class CreateUseCase
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly Factory $factory,
+        private readonly Storage $storage,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public function execute(): BlogPost
+    {
+        $blogPost = $this->factory->create();
+
+        $this->storage->persist($blogPost);
+        $this->storage->flush();
+
+        return $blogPost;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Find/FindUseCase.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Find/FindUseCase.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdc70c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Find/FindUseCase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Find;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPostNotFound;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\Storage;
+
+class FindUseCase
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly Storage $storage,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public function execute(int $id): BlogPost
+    {
+        $blogPost = $this->storage->findOne($id);
+
+        if (null === $blogPost) {
+            throw BlogPostNotFound::create();
+        }
+
+        return $blogPost;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Modify/ModifyUseCase.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Modify/ModifyUseCase.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb38bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Modify/ModifyUseCase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Modify;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\Storage;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Service\Factory;
+
+class ModifyUseCase
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly Factory $factory,
+        private readonly Storage $storage,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public function execute(BlogPost $blogPost): void
+    {
+        $newSample = $this->factory->create();
+
+        $blogPost->changeTitle($newSample->title());
+        $blogPost->changeContent($newSample->content());
+
+        $this->storage->flush();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Search/SearchUseCase.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Search/SearchUseCase.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4707243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Application/Search/SearchUseCase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Search;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\Storage;
+
+class SearchUseCase
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly Storage $storage,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<BlogPost>
+     */
+    public function execute(): iterable
+    {
+        return $this->storage->findAll();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/BlogPost.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/BlogPost.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b39bb4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/BlogPost.php
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model;
+
+use DateTimeImmutable;
+
+class BlogPost
+{
+    private DateTimeImmutable $createdAt;
+    private ?DateTimeImmutable $updatedAt = null;
+
+    public static function create(int $id, string $author, string $title, string $content): self
+    {
+        $self = new self($id, $author, $title, $content);
+        $self->createdAt = new DateTimeImmutable();
+
+        return $self;
+    }
+
+    public function id(): int
+    {
+        return $this->id;
+    }
+
+    public function author(): string
+    {
+        return $this->author;
+    }
+
+    public function title(): string
+    {
+        return $this->title;
+    }
+
+    public function changeTitle(string $title): void
+    {
+        $this->title = $title;
+        $this->updatedAt = new DateTimeImmutable();
+    }
+
+    public function content(): string
+    {
+        return $this->content;
+    }
+
+    public function changeContent(string $content): void
+    {
+        $this->content = $content;
+        $this->updatedAt = new DateTimeImmutable();
+    }
+
+    public function createdAt(): DateTimeImmutable
+    {
+        return $this->createdAt;
+    }
+
+    public function updatedAt(): ?DateTimeImmutable
+    {
+        return $this->updatedAt;
+    }
+
+    private function __construct(
+        private readonly int $id,
+        private readonly string $author,
+        private string $title,
+        private string $content,
+    ) {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/BlogPostNotFound.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/BlogPostNotFound.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c92055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/BlogPostNotFound.php
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+final class BlogPostNotFound extends RuntimeException
+{
+    public static function create(string $message = 'Blog post not found.'): self
+    {
+        return new self($message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/Normalizer.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/Normalizer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f75140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/Normalizer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model;
+
+interface Normalizer
+{
+    public function normalize(BlogPost $blogPost): array;
+
+    public function denormalize(array $data): BlogPost;
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/Storage.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/Storage.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43fce1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Model/Storage.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model;
+
+interface Storage
+{
+    public function findOne(int $id): ?BlogPost;
+
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<BlogPost>
+     */
+    public function findAll(): iterable;
+
+    public function persist(BlogPost $blogPost): void;
+
+    public function flush(): void;
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Service/Factory.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Service/Factory.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4946e94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Domain/Service/Factory.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Service;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+
+class Factory
+{
+    public function create(): BlogPost
+    {
+        $loripsum = explode("\n", file_get_contents('https://loripsum.net/api/1/long/headers'));
+
+        return BlogPost::create(
+            id: random_int(1, 1000),
+            author: 'John Doe',
+            title: strip_tags($loripsum[0]),
+            content: strip_tags($loripsum[2]),
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Infrastructure/Normalizer/ReflectionNormalizer.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Infrastructure/Normalizer/ReflectionNormalizer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54438eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Infrastructure/Normalizer/ReflectionNormalizer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Infrastructure\Normalizer;
+
+use DateTimeImmutable;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionException;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\Normalizer;
+
+class ReflectionNormalizer implements Normalizer
+{
+    public function normalize(BlogPost $blogPost): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'id' => $blogPost->id(),
+            'author' => $blogPost->author(),
+            'title' => $blogPost->title(),
+            'content' => $blogPost->content(),
+            'created_at' => $blogPost->createdAt()->format('c'),
+            'updated_at' => $blogPost->updatedAt()?->format('c'),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function denormalize(array $data): BlogPost
+    {
+        $blogPost = BlogPost::create(
+            $data['id'],
+            $data['author'],
+            $data['title'],
+            $data['content'],
+        );
+
+        $reflectionClass = new ReflectionClass($blogPost);
+        $this->setPropertyValue($reflectionClass, $blogPost, 'createdAt', new DateTimeImmutable($data['created_at']));
+        $this->setPropertyValue($reflectionClass, $blogPost, 'updatedAt', $data['updated_at'] ? new DateTimeImmutable($data['updated_at']) : null);
+
+        return $blogPost;
+    }
+
+    private function setPropertyValue(ReflectionClass $reflectionClass, BlogPost $blogPost, string $property, $value): void
+    {
+        try {
+            $reflectionProperty = $reflectionClass->getProperty($property);
+        } catch (ReflectionException) {
+            return;
+        }
+        $reflectionProperty->setAccessible(true);
+        $reflectionProperty->setValue($blogPost, $value);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Infrastructure/Persistence/Storage/FileStorage.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Infrastructure/Persistence/Storage/FileStorage.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f15ff04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Infrastructure/Persistence/Storage/FileStorage.php
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Infrastructure\Persistence\Storage;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\Normalizer;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\Storage;
+
+class FileStorage implements Storage
+{
+    /**
+     * @var array<int, BlogPost>
+     */
+    private array $collection;
+    private string $filename;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly Normalizer $normalizer,
+        private readonly string $targetDir,
+    ) {
+        $this->filename = $this->targetDir.'/blog_post.dat';
+        $this->load();
+    }
+
+    public function findOne(int $id): ?BlogPost
+    {
+        return $this->collection[$id] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritdoc}
+     */
+    public function findAll(): iterable
+    {
+        return array_values($this->collection);
+    }
+
+    public function persist(BlogPost $blogPost): void
+    {
+        $this->collection[$blogPost->id()] = $blogPost;
+    }
+
+    public function flush(): void
+    {
+        $dataCollection = [];
+        foreach ($this->collection as $id => $blogPost) {
+            $dataCollection[$id] = $this->normalizer->normalize($blogPost);
+        }
+
+        file_put_contents($this->filename, serialize($dataCollection));
+    }
+
+    private function load(): void
+    {
+        $this->collection = [];
+
+        if (!file_exists($this->filename)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $content = file_get_contents($this->filename);
+
+        if ('' === $content) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $dataCollection = unserialize($content, ['allowed_class' => false]);
+
+        foreach ($dataCollection as $id => $data) {
+            $this->collection[$id] = $this->normalizer->denormalize($data);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/EditAction.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/EditAction.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad44254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/EditAction.php
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Controller;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Find\FindUseCase;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Modify\ModifyUseCase;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer\Renderer;
+
+class EditAction
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly FindUseCase $findUseCase,
+        private readonly ModifyUseCase $modifyUseCase,
+        private readonly Renderer $renderer,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public function __invoke(int $id): void
+    {
+        echo '<h1>Edit Blog Post</h1>';
+
+        $blogPost = $this->findUseCase->execute($id);
+        $this->modifyUseCase->execute($blogPost);
+
+        $this->renderer->render($blogPost);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/ListAction.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/ListAction.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc52feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/ListAction.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Controller;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Search\SearchUseCase;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer\Renderer;
+
+class ListAction
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly SearchUseCase $searchUseCase,
+        private readonly Renderer $renderer,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public function __invoke(): void
+    {
+        echo '<h1>List of Blog Posts</h1>';
+
+        $blogPosts = $this->searchUseCase->execute();
+
+        foreach ($blogPosts as $blogPost) {
+            $this->renderer->render($blogPost);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/NewAction.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/NewAction.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c56470b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/NewAction.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Controller;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Create\CreateUseCase;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer\Renderer;
+
+class NewAction
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly CreateUseCase $createUseCase,
+        private readonly Renderer $renderer,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public function __invoke(): void
+    {
+        echo '<h1>New Blog Post</h1>';
+
+        $blogPost = $this->createUseCase->execute();
+
+        $this->renderer->render($blogPost);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/ShowAction.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/ShowAction.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..039b61d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Controller/ShowAction.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Controller;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Application\Find\FindUseCase;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer\FormatRenderer;
+
+class ShowAction
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly FindUseCase $findUseCase,
+        private readonly FormatRenderer $renderer,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public function __invoke(int $id, string $format): void
+    {
+        $blogPost = $this->findUseCase->execute($id);
+
+        $this->renderer->render($blogPost, $format);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/FormatRenderer.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/FormatRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..933c859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/FormatRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+
+class FormatRenderer implements Renderer
+{
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, Renderer> $renderers
+     */
+    public function __construct(private readonly array $renderers)
+    {
+    }
+
+    public function render(BlogPost $blogPost, string $format = 'html'): void
+    {
+        $renderer = $this->renderers[$format] ?? null;
+
+        if (null === $renderer) {
+            throw UnsupportedRendererFormat::create('Unsupported format.', $format);
+        }
+
+        $renderer->render($blogPost);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/HtmlRenderer.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/HtmlRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2523161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/HtmlRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+
+class HtmlRenderer implements Renderer
+{
+    public function render(BlogPost $blogPost): void
+    {
+        $date = $blogPost->updatedAt()
+            ? $blogPost->updatedAt()->format('Y-m-d H:i')
+            : $blogPost->createdAt()->format('Y-m-d H:i');
+
+        echo <<<HTML
+<article>
+    <h1>{$blogPost->title()}</h1>
+    <p>Author: {$blogPost->author()} | Date: {$date} | Id: {$blogPost->id()}</p>
+    <p>{$blogPost->content()}</p>
+</article>
+HTML;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/JsonRenderer.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/JsonRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13ae379
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/JsonRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\Normalizer;
+
+class JsonRenderer implements Renderer
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly Normalizer $normalizer,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public function render(BlogPost $blogPost): void
+    {
+        header('Content-Type: application/json');
+
+        echo json_encode($this->normalizer->normalize($blogPost), JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/Renderer.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/Renderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb1198a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/Renderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer;
+
+use Solid\App\BlogPost\Domain\Model\BlogPost;
+
+interface Renderer
+{
+    public function render(BlogPost $blogPost): void;
+}
diff --git a/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/UnsupportedRendererFormat.php b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/UnsupportedRendererFormat.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd13168
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/BlogPost/Presentation/Renderer/UnsupportedRendererFormat.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\BlogPost\Presentation\Renderer;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class UnsupportedRendererFormat extends RuntimeException
+{
+    public readonly string $format;
+
+    public static function create(string $message, string $format): self
+    {
+        $self = new self($message);
+        $self->format = $format;
+
+        return $self;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/ExceptionRenderer.php b/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/ExceptionRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cde0ea1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/ExceptionRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\Shared\Domain\Exception;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+interface ExceptionRenderer
+{
+    public function render(RuntimeException $exception): void;
+}
diff --git a/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/FormatExceptionRenderer.php b/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/FormatExceptionRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e5682e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/FormatExceptionRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\Shared\Domain\Exception;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class FormatExceptionRenderer implements ExceptionRenderer
+{
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, ExceptionRenderer> $renderers
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly array $renderers,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public function render(RuntimeException $exception, string $format = 'html'): void
+    {
+        $renderer = $this->renderers[$format] ?? null;
+
+        if (null === $renderer) {
+            $this->render($exception);
+        } else {
+            $renderer->render($exception);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/HtmlExceptionRenderer.php b/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/HtmlExceptionRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e10fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/HtmlExceptionRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\Shared\Domain\Exception;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class HtmlExceptionRenderer implements ExceptionRenderer
+{
+    public function render(RuntimeException $exception): void
+    {
+        echo '<h1>'.$exception->getMessage().'</h1>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/JsonExceptionRenderer.php b/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/JsonExceptionRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f87b656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/App/Shared/Domain/Exception/JsonExceptionRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Solid\App\Shared\Domain\Exception;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class JsonExceptionRenderer implements ExceptionRenderer
+{
+    public function render(RuntimeException $exception): void
+    {
+        header('Content-Type: application/json');
+
+        echo json_encode(['message' => $exception->getMessage()], JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+    }
+}