delegate.ts

/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
import deepmerge, { type ArrayMergeOptions } from 'deepmerge';
import { DELEGATE_AUX_RELATION_PREFIX } from '../../constants';
import {
    FieldInfo,
    ModelInfo,
    NestedWriteVisitor,
    clone,
    enumerate,
    getFields,
    getIdFields,
    getModelInfo,
    isDelegateModel,
    resolveField,
} from '../../cross';
import { isPlainObject, simpleTraverse, lowerCaseFirst } from '../../local-helpers';
import type { CrudContract, DbClientContract, EnhancementContext } from '../../types';
import type { InternalEnhancementOptions } from './create-enhancement';
import { Logger } from './logger';
import { DefaultPrismaProxyHandler, makeProxy } from './proxy';
import { QueryUtils } from './query-utils';
import { formatObject, prismaClientValidationError } from './utils';

export function withDelegate<DbClient extends object>(
    prisma: DbClient,
    options: InternalEnhancementOptions,
    context: EnhancementContext | undefined
): DbClient {
    return makeProxy(
        prisma,
        options.modelMeta,
        (_prisma, model) => new DelegateProxyHandler(_prisma as DbClientContract, model, options, context),
        'delegate'
    );
}

export class DelegateProxyHandler extends DefaultPrismaProxyHandler {
    private readonly logger: Logger;
    private readonly queryUtils: QueryUtils;

    constructor(
        prisma: DbClientContract,
        model: string,
        options: InternalEnhancementOptions,
        private readonly context: EnhancementContext | undefined
    ) {
        super(prisma, model, options);
        this.logger = new Logger(prisma);
        this.queryUtils = new QueryUtils(prisma, this.options);
    }

    // #region find

    override findFirst(args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        return this.doFind(this.prisma, this.model, 'findFirst', args);
    }

    override findFirstOrThrow(args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        return this.doFind(this.prisma, this.model, 'findFirstOrThrow', args);
    }

    override findUnique(args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        return this.doFind(this.prisma, this.model, 'findUnique', args);
    }

    override findUniqueOrThrow(args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        return this.doFind(this.prisma, this.model, 'findUniqueOrThrow', args);
    }

    override async findMany(args: any): Promise<unknown[]> {
        return this.doFind(this.prisma, this.model, 'findMany', args);
    }

    private async doFind(
        db: CrudContract,
        model: string,
        method: 'findFirst' | 'findFirstOrThrow' | 'findUnique' | 'findUniqueOrThrow' | 'findMany',
        args: any
    ) {
        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(model)) {
            return super[method](args);
        }

        args = args ? clone(args) : {};

        this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, args?.where);
        await this.injectSelectIncludeHierarchy(model, args);

        // discriminator field is needed during post process to determine the
        // actual concrete model type
        this.ensureDiscriminatorSelection(model, args);

        if (args.orderBy) {
            // `orderBy` may contain fields from base types
            enumerate(args.orderBy).forEach((item) => this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, item));
        }

        if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
            this.logger.info(`[delegate] \`${method}\` ${this.getModelName(model)}: ${formatObject(args)}`);
        }
        const entity = await db[model][method](args);

        if (Array.isArray(entity)) {
            return entity.map((item) => this.assembleHierarchy(model, item));
        } else {
            return this.assembleHierarchy(model, entity);
        }
    }

    private ensureDiscriminatorSelection(model: string, args: any) {
        const modelInfo = getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, model);
        if (!modelInfo?.discriminator) {
            return;
        }

        if (args.select && typeof args.select === 'object') {
            args.select[modelInfo.discriminator] = true;
            return;
        }

        if (args.omit && typeof args.omit === 'object') {
            args.omit[modelInfo.discriminator] = false;
            return;
        }
    }

    private injectWhereHierarchy(model: string, where: any) {
        if (!where || !isPlainObject(where)) {
            return;
        }

        Object.entries(where).forEach(([field, value]) => {
            if (['AND', 'OR', 'NOT'].includes(field)) {
                // recurse into logical group
                enumerate(value).forEach((item) => this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, item));
                return;
            }

            const fieldInfo = resolveField(this.options.modelMeta, model, field);
            if (!fieldInfo?.inheritedFrom) {
                // not an inherited field, inject and continue
                if (fieldInfo?.isDataModel) {
                    this.injectWhereHierarchy(fieldInfo.type, value);
                }
                return;
            }

            let base = this.getBaseModel(model);
            let target = where;

            while (base) {
                const baseRelationName = this.makeAuxRelationName(base);

                // prepare base layer where
                let thisLayer: any;
                if (target[baseRelationName]) {
                    thisLayer = target[baseRelationName];
                } else {
                    thisLayer = target[baseRelationName] = {};
                }

                if (base.name === fieldInfo.inheritedFrom) {
                    if (fieldInfo.isDataModel) {
                        this.injectWhereHierarchy(base.name, value);
                    }
                    thisLayer[field] = value;
                    delete where[field];
                    break;
                } else {
                    target = thisLayer;
                    base = this.getBaseModel(base.name);
                }
            }
        });
    }

    private async injectSelectIncludeHierarchy(model: string, args: any) {
        if (!args || typeof args !== 'object') {
            return;
        }

        // there're two cases where we need to inject polymorphic base hierarchy for fields
        // defined in base models
        // 1. base fields mentioned in select/include clause
        //     { select: { fieldFromBase: true } } => { select: { delegate_aux_[Base]: { fieldFromBase: true } } }
        // 2. base fields mentioned in _count select/include clause
        //     { select: { _count: { select: { fieldFromBase: true } } } } => { select: { delegate_aux_[Base]: { select: { _count: { select: { fieldFromBase: true } } } } } }
        //
        // Note that although structurally similar, we need to correctly deal with different injection location of the "delegate_aux" hierarchy

        // selectors for the above two cases
        const selectors = [
            // regular select: { select: { field: true } }
            (payload: any) => ({ data: payload.select, kind: 'select' as const, isCount: false }),
            // regular include: { include: { field: true } }
            (payload: any) => ({ data: payload.include, kind: 'include' as const, isCount: false }),
            // select _count: { select: { _count: { select: { field: true } } } }
            (payload: any) => ({
                data: payload.select?._count?.select,
                kind: 'select' as const,
                isCount: true,
            }),
            // include _count: { include: { _count: { select: { field: true } } } }
            (payload: any) => ({
                data: payload.include?._count?.select,
                kind: 'include' as const,
                isCount: true,
            }),
        ];

        for (const selector of selectors) {
            const { data, kind, isCount } = selector(args);
            if (!data || typeof data !== 'object') {
                continue;
            }

            for (const [field, value] of Object.entries<any>(data)) {
                const fieldInfo = resolveField(this.options.modelMeta, model, field);
                if (!fieldInfo) {
                    continue;
                }

                if (this.isDelegateOrDescendantOfDelegate(fieldInfo?.type) && value) {
                    // delegate model, recursively inject hierarchy
                    if (data[field]) {
                        if (data[field] === true) {
                            // make sure the payload is an object
                            data[field] = {};
                        }
                        await this.injectSelectIncludeHierarchy(fieldInfo.type, data[field]);
                    }
                }

                // refetch the field select/include value because it may have been
                // updated during injection
                const fieldValue = data[field];

                if (fieldValue !== undefined) {
                    if (fieldValue.orderBy) {
                        // `orderBy` may contain fields from base types
                        enumerate(fieldValue.orderBy).forEach((item) =>
                            this.injectWhereHierarchy(fieldInfo.type, item)
                        );
                    }

                    let injected = false;
                    if (!isCount) {
                        // regular select/include injection
                        injected = await this.injectBaseFieldSelect(model, field, fieldValue, args, kind);
                        if (injected) {
                            // if injected, remove the field from the original payload
                            delete data[field];
                        }
                    } else {
                        // _count select/include injection, inject into an empty payload and then merge to the proper location
                        const injectTarget = { [kind]: {} };
                        injected = await this.injectBaseFieldSelect(model, field, fieldValue, injectTarget, kind, true);
                        if (injected) {
                            // if injected, remove the field from the original payload
                            delete data[field];
                            if (Object.keys(data).length === 0) {
                                // if the original "_count" payload becomes empty, remove it
                                delete args[kind]['_count'];
                            }
                            // finally merge the injection into the original payload
                            const merged = deepmerge(args[kind], injectTarget[kind]);
                            args[kind] = merged;
                        }
                    }

                    if (!injected && fieldInfo.isDataModel) {
                        let nextValue = fieldValue;
                        if (nextValue === true) {
                            // make sure the payload is an object
                            data[field] = nextValue = {};
                        }
                        await this.injectSelectIncludeHierarchy(fieldInfo.type, nextValue);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (!args.select) {
            // include base models upwards
            this.injectBaseIncludeRecursively(model, args);

            // include sub models downwards
            await this.injectConcreteIncludeRecursively(model, args);
        }
    }

    private async buildSelectIncludeHierarchy(model: string, args: any, includeConcreteFields = true) {
        args = clone(args);
        const selectInclude: any = this.extractSelectInclude(args) || {};

        if (selectInclude.select && typeof selectInclude.select === 'object') {
            Object.entries(selectInclude.select).forEach(([field, value]) => {
                if (value) {
                    if (this.injectBaseFieldSelect(model, field, value, selectInclude, 'select')) {
                        delete selectInclude.select[field];
                    }
                }
            });
        } else if (selectInclude.include && typeof selectInclude.include === 'object') {
            Object.entries(selectInclude.include).forEach(([field, value]) => {
                if (value) {
                    if (this.injectBaseFieldSelect(model, field, value, selectInclude, 'include')) {
                        delete selectInclude.include[field];
                    }
                }
            });
        }

        if (!selectInclude.select) {
            this.injectBaseIncludeRecursively(model, selectInclude);

            if (includeConcreteFields) {
                await this.injectConcreteIncludeRecursively(model, selectInclude);
            }
        }
        return selectInclude;
    }

    private injectBaseFieldSelect(
        model: string,
        field: string,
        value: any,
        selectInclude: any,
        context: 'select' | 'include',
        forCount = false // if the injection is for a "{ _count: { select: { field: true } } }" payload
    ) {
        const fieldInfo = resolveField(this.options.modelMeta, model, field);
        if (!fieldInfo?.inheritedFrom) {
            return false;
        }

        let base = this.getBaseModel(model);
        let target = selectInclude;

        while (base) {
            const baseRelationName = this.makeAuxRelationName(base);

            // prepare base layer select/include
            let thisLayer: any;
            if (target.include) {
                thisLayer = target.include;
            } else if (target.select) {
                thisLayer = target.select;
            } else {
                thisLayer = target.select = {};
            }

            if (base.name === fieldInfo.inheritedFrom) {
                if (!thisLayer[baseRelationName]) {
                    thisLayer[baseRelationName] = { [context]: {} };
                }
                if (forCount) {
                    // { _count: { select: { field: true } } } => { delegate_aux_[Base]: { select: { _count: { select: { field: true } } } } }
                    if (
                        !thisLayer[baseRelationName][context]['_count'] ||
                        typeof thisLayer[baseRelationName][context] !== 'object'
                    ) {
                        thisLayer[baseRelationName][context]['_count'] = {};
                    }
                    thisLayer[baseRelationName][context]['_count'] = deepmerge(
                        thisLayer[baseRelationName][context]['_count'],
                        { select: { [field]: value } }
                    );
                } else {
                    // { select: { field: true } } => { delegate_aux_[Base]: { select: { field: true } } }
                    thisLayer[baseRelationName][context][field] = value;
                }
                break;
            } else {
                if (!thisLayer[baseRelationName]) {
                    thisLayer[baseRelationName] = { select: {} };
                }
                target = thisLayer[baseRelationName];
                base = this.getBaseModel(base.name);
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    private injectBaseIncludeRecursively(model: string, selectInclude: any) {
        const base = this.getBaseModel(model);
        if (!base) {
            return;
        }
        const baseRelationName = this.makeAuxRelationName(base);

        if (selectInclude.select) {
            selectInclude.include = { [baseRelationName]: {}, ...selectInclude.select };
            delete selectInclude.select;
        } else {
            selectInclude.include = { [baseRelationName]: {}, ...selectInclude.include };
        }
        this.injectBaseIncludeRecursively(base.name, selectInclude.include[baseRelationName]);
    }

    private async injectConcreteIncludeRecursively(model: string, selectInclude: any) {
        const modelInfo = getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, model);
        if (!modelInfo) {
            return;
        }

        // get sub models of this model
        const subModels = Object.values(this.options.modelMeta.models).filter((m) =>
            m.baseTypes?.includes(modelInfo.name)
        );

        for (const subModel of subModels) {
            // include sub model relation field
            const subRelationName = this.makeAuxRelationName(subModel);

            // create a payload to include the sub model relation
            const includePayload = await this.createConcreteRelationIncludePayload(subModel.name);

            if (selectInclude.select) {
                selectInclude.include = { [subRelationName]: includePayload, ...selectInclude.select };
                delete selectInclude.select;
            } else {
                selectInclude.include = { [subRelationName]: includePayload, ...selectInclude.include };
            }
            await this.injectConcreteIncludeRecursively(subModel.name, selectInclude.include[subRelationName]);
        }
    }

    private async createConcreteRelationIncludePayload(model: string) {
        let result: any = {};

        if (this.options.processIncludeRelationPayload) {
            // use the callback in options to process the include payload, so enhancements
            // like 'policy' can do extra work (e.g., inject policy rules)

            // TODO: this causes both delegate base's policy rules and concrete model's rules to be injected,
            // which is not wrong but redundant

            await this.options.processIncludeRelationPayload(this.prisma, model, result, this.options, this.context);

            const properSelectIncludeHierarchy = await this.buildSelectIncludeHierarchy(model, result, false);
            result = { ...result, ...properSelectIncludeHierarchy };
        }

        return result;
    }

    // #endregion

    // #region create

    override async create(args: any) {
        if (!args) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(this.prisma, this.options.prismaModule, 'query argument is required');
        }
        if (!args.data) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(
                this.prisma,
                this.options.prismaModule,
                'data field is required in query argument'
            );
        }

        this.sanitizeMutationPayload(args.data);

        if (isDelegateModel(this.options.modelMeta, this.model)) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(
                this.prisma,
                this.options.prismaModule,
                `Model "${this.model}" is a delegate and cannot be created directly`
            );
        }

        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.create(args);
        }

        return this.doCreate(this.prisma, this.model, args);
    }

    private sanitizeMutationPayload(data: any) {
        if (!data) {
            return;
        }

        const prisma = this.prisma;
        const prismaModule = this.options.prismaModule;
        simpleTraverse(data, ({ key }) => {
            if (key?.startsWith(DELEGATE_AUX_RELATION_PREFIX)) {
                throw prismaClientValidationError(
                    prisma,
                    prismaModule,
                    `Auxiliary relation field "${key}" cannot be set directly`
                );
            }
        });
    }

    override createMany(args: { data: any; skipDuplicates?: boolean }): Promise<{ count: number }> {
        if (!args) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(this.prisma, this.options.prismaModule, 'query argument is required');
        }
        if (!args.data) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(
                this.prisma,
                this.options.prismaModule,
                'data field is required in query argument'
            );
        }

        this.sanitizeMutationPayload(args.data);

        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.createMany(args);
        }

        if (this.isDelegateOrDescendantOfDelegate(this.model) && args.skipDuplicates) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(
                this.prisma,
                this.options.prismaModule,
                '`createMany` with `skipDuplicates` set to true is not supported for delegated models'
            );
        }

        // `createMany` doesn't support nested create, which is needed for creating entities
        // inheriting a delegate base, so we need to convert it to a regular `create` here.
        // Note that the main difference is `create` doesn't support `skipDuplicates` as
        // `createMany` does.

        return this.queryUtils.transaction(this.prisma, async (tx) => {
            const r = await Promise.all(
                enumerate(args.data).map(async (item) => {
                    return this.doCreate(tx, this.model, { data: item });
                })
            );
            return { count: r.length };
        });
    }

    override createManyAndReturn(args: { data: any; select?: any; skipDuplicates?: boolean }): Promise<unknown[]> {
        if (!args) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(this.prisma, this.options.prismaModule, 'query argument is required');
        }
        if (!args.data) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(
                this.prisma,
                this.options.prismaModule,
                'data field is required in query argument'
            );
        }

        this.sanitizeMutationPayload(args.data);

        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.createManyAndReturn(args);
        }

        if (this.isDelegateOrDescendantOfDelegate(this.model) && args.skipDuplicates) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(
                this.prisma,
                this.options.prismaModule,
                '`createManyAndReturn` with `skipDuplicates` set to true is not supported for delegated models'
            );
        }

        // `createManyAndReturn` doesn't support nested create, which is needed for creating entities
        // inheriting a delegate base, so we need to convert it to a regular `create` here.
        // Note that the main difference is `create` doesn't support `skipDuplicates` as
        // `createManyAndReturn` does.

        return this.queryUtils.transaction(this.prisma, async (tx) => {
            const r = await Promise.all(
                enumerate(args.data).map(async (item) => {
                    return this.doCreate(tx, this.model, { data: item, select: args.select });
                })
            );
            return r;
        });
    }

    private async doCreate(db: CrudContract, model: string, args: any) {
        args = clone(args);

        await this.injectCreateHierarchy(model, args);
        await this.injectSelectIncludeHierarchy(model, args);

        if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
            this.logger.info(`[delegate] \`create\` ${this.getModelName(model)}: ${formatObject(args)}`);
        }
        const result = await db[model].create(args);
        return this.assembleHierarchy(model, result);
    }

    private async injectCreateHierarchy(model: string, args: any) {
        const visitor = new NestedWriteVisitor(this.options.modelMeta, {
            create: (model, args, _context) => {
                this.doProcessCreatePayload(model, args);
            },

            createMany: (model, args, context) => {
                // `createMany` doesn't support nested create, which is needed for creating entities
                // inheriting a delegate base, so we need to convert it to a regular `create` here.
                // Note that the main difference is `create` doesn't support `skipDuplicates` as
                // `createMany` does.

                if (this.isDelegateOrDescendantOfDelegate(model)) {
                    if (args.skipDuplicates) {
                        throw prismaClientValidationError(
                            this.prisma,
                            this.options.prismaModule,
                            '`createMany` with `skipDuplicates` set to true is not supported for delegated models'
                        );
                    }

                    // convert to regular `create`
                    let createPayload = context.parent.create ?? [];
                    if (!Array.isArray(createPayload)) {
                        createPayload = [createPayload];
                    }

                    for (const item of enumerate(args.data)) {
                        this.doProcessCreatePayload(model, item);
                        createPayload.push(item);
                    }
                    context.parent.create = createPayload;
                    delete context.parent['createMany'];
                }
            },
        });

        await visitor.visit(model, 'create', args);
    }

    private doProcessCreatePayload(model: string, args: any) {
        if (!args) {
            return;
        }

        this.ensureBaseCreateHierarchy(model, args);

        for (const [field, value] of Object.entries(args)) {
            const fieldInfo = resolveField(this.options.modelMeta, model, field);
            if (fieldInfo?.inheritedFrom) {
                this.injectBaseFieldData(model, fieldInfo, value, args, 'create');
                delete args[field];
            }
        }
    }

    // ensure the full nested "create" structure is created for base types
    private ensureBaseCreateHierarchy(model: string, args: any) {
        let curr = args;
        let base = this.getBaseModel(model);
        let sub = this.getModelInfo(model);
        const hasDelegateBase = !!base;

        while (base) {
            const baseRelationName = this.makeAuxRelationName(base);

            if (!curr[baseRelationName]) {
                curr[baseRelationName] = {};
            }
            if (!curr[baseRelationName].create) {
                curr[baseRelationName].create = {};
                if (base.discriminator) {
                    // set discriminator field
                    curr[baseRelationName].create[base.discriminator] = sub.name;
                }
            }

            // Look for base id field assignments in the current level, and push
            // them down to the base level
            for (const idField of getIdFields(this.options.modelMeta, base.name)) {
                if (curr[idField.name] !== undefined) {
                    curr[baseRelationName].create[idField.name] = curr[idField.name];
                    delete curr[idField.name];
                }
            }

            curr = curr[baseRelationName].create;
            sub = base;
            base = this.getBaseModel(base.name);
        }

        if (hasDelegateBase) {
            // A delegate base model creation is added, this can be incompatible if
            // the user-provided payload assigns foreign keys directly, because Prisma
            // doesn't permit mixed "checked" and "unchecked" fields in a payload.
            //
            // {
            //   delegate_aux_base: { ... },
            //   [fkField]: value  // <- this is not compatible
            // }
            //
            // We need to convert foreign key assignments to `connect`.
            this.fkAssignmentToConnect(model, args);
        }
    }

    // convert foreign key assignments to `connect` payload
    // e.g.: { authorId: value } -> { author: { connect: { id: value } } }
    private fkAssignmentToConnect(model: string, args: any) {
        const keysToDelete: string[] = [];
        for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(args)) {
            if (value === undefined) {
                continue;
            }

            const fieldInfo = this.queryUtils.getModelField(model, key);
            if (
                !fieldInfo?.inheritedFrom && // fields from delegate base are handled outside
                fieldInfo?.isForeignKey
            ) {
                const relationInfo = this.queryUtils.getRelationForForeignKey(model, key);
                if (relationInfo) {
                    // turn { [fk]: value } into { [relation]: { connect: { [id]: value } } }
                    const relationName = relationInfo.relation.name;
                    if (!args[relationName]) {
                        args[relationName] = {};
                    }
                    if (!args[relationName].connect) {
                        args[relationName].connect = {};
                    }
                    if (!(relationInfo.idField in args[relationName].connect)) {
                        args[relationName].connect[relationInfo.idField] = value;
                        keysToDelete.push(key);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        keysToDelete.forEach((key) => delete args[key]);
    }

    // inject field data that belongs to base type into proper nesting structure
    private injectBaseFieldData(
        model: string,
        fieldInfo: FieldInfo,
        value: unknown,
        args: any,
        mode: 'create' | 'update'
    ) {
        let base = this.getBaseModel(model);
        let curr = args;

        while (base) {
            if (base.discriminator === fieldInfo.name) {
                throw prismaClientValidationError(
                    this.prisma,
                    this.options.prismaModule,
                    `fields "${fieldInfo.name}" is a discriminator and cannot be set directly`
                );
            }

            const baseRelationName = this.makeAuxRelationName(base);

            if (!curr[baseRelationName]) {
                curr[baseRelationName] = {};
            }
            if (!curr[baseRelationName][mode]) {
                curr[baseRelationName][mode] = {};
            }
            curr = curr[baseRelationName][mode];

            if (fieldInfo.inheritedFrom === base.name) {
                curr[fieldInfo.name] = value;
                break;
            }

            base = this.getBaseModel(base.name);
        }
    }

    // #endregion

    // #region update

    override update(args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        if (!args) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(this.prisma, this.options.prismaModule, 'query argument is required');
        }
        if (!args.data) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(
                this.prisma,
                this.options.prismaModule,
                'data field is required in query argument'
            );
        }

        this.sanitizeMutationPayload(args.data);

        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.update(args);
        }

        return this.queryUtils.transaction(this.prisma, (tx) => this.doUpdate(tx, this.model, args));
    }

    override async updateMany(args: any): Promise<{ count: number }> {
        if (!args) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(this.prisma, this.options.prismaModule, 'query argument is required');
        }
        if (!args.data) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(
                this.prisma,
                this.options.prismaModule,
                'data field is required in query argument'
            );
        }

        this.sanitizeMutationPayload(args.data);

        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.updateMany(args);
        }

        let simpleUpdateMany = Object.keys(args.data).every((key) => {
            // check if the `data` clause involves base fields
            const fieldInfo = resolveField(this.options.modelMeta, this.model, key);
            return !fieldInfo?.inheritedFrom;
        });

        // check if there are any `@updatedAt` fields from delegate base models
        if (simpleUpdateMany) {
            if (this.getUpdatedAtFromDelegateBases(this.model).length > 0) {
                simpleUpdateMany = false;
            }
        }

        return this.queryUtils.transaction(this.prisma, (tx) =>
            this.doUpdateMany(tx, this.model, args, simpleUpdateMany)
        );
    }

    override async upsert(args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        if (!args) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(this.prisma, this.options.prismaModule, 'query argument is required');
        }
        if (!args.where) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(
                this.prisma,
                this.options.prismaModule,
                'where field is required in query argument'
            );
        }

        this.sanitizeMutationPayload(args.update);
        this.sanitizeMutationPayload(args.create);

        if (isDelegateModel(this.options.modelMeta, this.model)) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(
                this.prisma,
                this.options.prismaModule,
                `Model "${this.model}" is a delegate and doesn't support upsert`
            );
        }

        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.upsert(args);
        }

        args = clone(args);
        this.injectWhereHierarchy(this.model, (args as any)?.where);
        await this.injectSelectIncludeHierarchy(this.model, args);
        if (args.create) {
            this.doProcessCreatePayload(this.model, args.create);
        }
        if (args.update) {
            this.doProcessUpdatePayload(this.model, args.update);
        }

        if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
            this.logger.info(`[delegate] \`upsert\` ${this.getModelName(this.model)}: ${formatObject(args)}`);
        }
        const result = await this.prisma[this.model].upsert(args);
        return this.assembleHierarchy(this.model, result);
    }

    private async doUpdate(db: CrudContract, model: string, args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        args = clone(args);

        await this.injectUpdateHierarchy(db, model, args);
        await this.injectSelectIncludeHierarchy(model, args);

        if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
            this.logger.info(`[delegate] \`update\` ${this.getModelName(model)}: ${formatObject(args)}`);
        }
        const result = await db[model].update(args);
        return this.assembleHierarchy(model, result);
    }

    private async doUpdateMany(
        db: CrudContract,
        model: string,
        args: any,
        simpleUpdateMany: boolean
    ): Promise<{ count: number }> {
        if (simpleUpdateMany) {
            // do a direct `updateMany`
            args = clone(args);
            await this.injectUpdateHierarchy(db, model, args);

            if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
                this.logger.info(`[delegate] \`updateMany\` ${this.getModelName(model)}: ${formatObject(args)}`);
            }
            return db[model].updateMany(args);
        } else {
            // translate to plain `update` for nested write into base fields
            const findArgs = {
                where: clone(args.where ?? {}),
                select: this.queryUtils.makeIdSelection(model),
            };
            await this.injectUpdateHierarchy(db, model, findArgs);
            if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
                this.logger.info(
                    `[delegate] \`updateMany\` find candidates: ${this.getModelName(model)}: ${formatObject(findArgs)}`
                );
            }
            const entities = await db[model].findMany(findArgs);

            const updatePayload = { data: clone(args.data), select: this.queryUtils.makeIdSelection(model) };
            await this.injectUpdateHierarchy(db, model, updatePayload);
            const result = await Promise.all(
                entities.map((entity) => {
                    const updateArgs = {
                        where: entity,
                        ...updatePayload,
                    };
                    if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
                        this.logger.info(
                            `[delegate] \`updateMany\` update: ${this.getModelName(model)}: ${formatObject(updateArgs)}`
                        );
                    }
                    return db[model].update(updateArgs);
                })
            );
            return { count: result.length };
        }
    }

    private async injectUpdateHierarchy(db: CrudContract, model: string, args: any) {
        const visitor = new NestedWriteVisitor(this.options.modelMeta, {
            update: (model, args, _context) => {
                this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, (args as any)?.where);
                this.doProcessUpdatePayload(model, (args as any)?.data);
            },

            updateMany: async (model, args, context) => {
                let simpleUpdateMany = Object.keys(args.data).every((key) => {
                    // check if the `data` clause involves base fields
                    const fieldInfo = resolveField(this.options.modelMeta, model, key);
                    return !fieldInfo?.inheritedFrom;
                });

                // check if there are any `@updatedAt` fields from delegate base models
                if (simpleUpdateMany) {
                    if (this.getUpdatedAtFromDelegateBases(model).length > 0) {
                        simpleUpdateMany = false;
                    }
                }

                if (simpleUpdateMany) {
                    // check if the `where` clause involves base fields
                    simpleUpdateMany = Object.keys(args.where || {}).every((key) => {
                        const fieldInfo = resolveField(this.options.modelMeta, model, key);
                        return !fieldInfo?.inheritedFrom;
                    });
                }

                if (simpleUpdateMany) {
                    this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, (args as any)?.where);
                    this.doProcessUpdatePayload(model, (args as any)?.data);
                } else {
                    const where = await this.queryUtils.buildReversedQuery(db, context, false, false);
                    await this.queryUtils.transaction(db, async (tx) => {
                        await this.doUpdateMany(tx, model, { ...args, where }, simpleUpdateMany);
                    });
                    delete context.parent['updateMany'];
                }
            },

            upsert: (model, args, _context) => {
                this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, (args as any)?.where);
                if (args.create) {
                    this.doProcessCreatePayload(model, (args as any)?.create);
                }
                if (args.update) {
                    this.doProcessUpdatePayload(model, (args as any)?.update);
                }
            },

            create: (model, args, _context) => {
                if (isDelegateModel(this.options.modelMeta, model)) {
                    throw prismaClientValidationError(
                        this.prisma,
                        this.options.prismaModule,
                        `Model "${model}" is a delegate and cannot be created directly`
                    );
                }
                this.doProcessCreatePayload(model, args);
            },

            createMany: (model, args, _context) => {
                if (args.skipDuplicates) {
                    throw prismaClientValidationError(
                        this.prisma,
                        this.options.prismaModule,
                        '`createMany` with `skipDuplicates` set to true is not supported for delegated models'
                    );
                }

                for (const item of enumerate(args?.data)) {
                    this.doProcessCreatePayload(model, item);
                }
            },

            connect: (model, args, _context) => {
                this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, args);
            },

            connectOrCreate: (model, args, _context) => {
                this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, args.where);
                if (args.create) {
                    this.doProcessCreatePayload(model, args.create);
                }
            },

            disconnect: (model, args, _context) => {
                this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, args);
            },

            set: (model, args, _context) => {
                this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, args);
            },

            delete: async (model, _args, context) => {
                const where = await this.queryUtils.buildReversedQuery(db, context, false, false);
                await this.queryUtils.transaction(db, async (tx) => {
                    await this.doDelete(tx, model, { where });
                });
                delete context.parent['delete'];
            },

            deleteMany: async (model, _args, context) => {
                const where = await this.queryUtils.buildReversedQuery(db, context, false, false);
                await this.queryUtils.transaction(db, async (tx) => {
                    await this.doDeleteMany(tx, model, where);
                });
                delete context.parent['deleteMany'];
            },
        });

        await visitor.visit(model, 'update', args);
    }

    private doProcessUpdatePayload(model: string, data: any) {
        if (!data) {
            return;
        }

        for (const [field, value] of Object.entries(data)) {
            const fieldInfo = resolveField(this.options.modelMeta, model, field);
            if (fieldInfo?.inheritedFrom) {
                this.injectBaseFieldData(model, fieldInfo, value, data, 'update');
                delete data[field];
            }
        }

        // if we're updating any field, we need to take care of updating `@updatedAt`
        // fields inherited from delegate base models
        if (Object.keys(data).length > 0) {
            const updatedAtFields = this.getUpdatedAtFromDelegateBases(model);
            for (const fieldInfo of updatedAtFields) {
                this.injectBaseFieldData(model, fieldInfo, new Date(), data, 'update');
            }
        }
    }

    // #endregion

    // #region delete

    override delete(args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        if (!args) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(this.prisma, this.options.prismaModule, 'query argument is required');
        }

        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.delete(args);
        }

        return this.queryUtils.transaction(this.prisma, async (tx) => {
            const selectInclude = await this.buildSelectIncludeHierarchy(this.model, args);

            // make sure id fields are selected
            const idFields = this.getIdFields(this.model);
            for (const idField of idFields) {
                if (selectInclude?.select && !(idField.name in selectInclude.select)) {
                    selectInclude.select[idField.name] = true;
                }
            }

            const deleteArgs = { ...clone(args), ...selectInclude };
            return this.doDelete(tx, this.model, deleteArgs);
        });
    }

    override deleteMany(args: any): Promise<{ count: number }> {
        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.deleteMany(args);
        }

        return this.queryUtils.transaction(this.prisma, (tx) => this.doDeleteMany(tx, this.model, args?.where));
    }

    private async doDeleteMany(db: CrudContract, model: string, where: any): Promise<{ count: number }> {
        // query existing entities with id
        const idSelection = this.queryUtils.makeIdSelection(model);
        const findArgs = { where: clone(where ?? {}), select: idSelection };
        this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, findArgs.where);

        if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
            this.logger.info(
                `[delegate] \`deleteMany\` find candidates: ${this.getModelName(model)}: ${formatObject(findArgs)}`
            );
        }
        const entities = await db[model].findMany(findArgs);

        // recursively delete base entities (they all have the same id values)

        await Promise.all(
            entities.map((entity) => {
                let deleteFilter = entity;
                if (Object.keys(deleteFilter).length > 1) {
                    // if the model has compound id fields, we need to compose a compound key filter,
                    // otherwise calling Prisma's `delete` won't work
                    deleteFilter = this.queryUtils.composeCompoundUniqueField(model, deleteFilter);
                }
                return this.doDelete(db, model, { where: deleteFilter });
            })
        );

        return { count: entities.length };
    }

    private async deleteBaseRecursively(db: CrudContract, model: string, idValues: any) {
        let base = this.getBaseModel(model);
        while (base) {
            let deleteFilter = idValues;
            if (Object.keys(idValues).length > 1) {
                // if the model has compound id fields, we need to compose a compound key filter,
                // otherwise calling Prisma's `delete` won't work
                deleteFilter = this.queryUtils.composeCompoundUniqueField(base.name, deleteFilter);
            }
            await db[base.name].delete({ where: deleteFilter });
            base = this.getBaseModel(base.name);
        }
    }

    private async doDelete(db: CrudContract, model: string, args: any, readBack = true): Promise<unknown> {
        this.injectWhereHierarchy(model, args.where);
        await this.injectSelectIncludeHierarchy(model, args);

        // read relation entities that need to be cascade deleted before deleting the main entity
        const cascadeDeletes = await this.getRelationDelegateEntitiesForCascadeDelete(db, model, args.where);

        let result: unknown = undefined;
        if (cascadeDeletes.length > 0) {
            // we'll need to do cascade deletes of relations, so first
            // read the current entity before anything changes
            if (readBack) {
                result = await this.doFind(db, model, 'findUnique', args);
            }

            // process cascade deletes of relations, this ensure their delegate base
            // entities are deleted as well
            await Promise.all(
                cascadeDeletes.map(({ model, entity }) => this.doDelete(db, model, { where: entity }, false))
            );
        }

        if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
            this.logger.info(`[delegate] \`delete\` ${this.getModelName(model)}: ${formatObject(args)}`);
        }

        const deleteResult = await db[model].delete(args);
        if (!result) {
            result = this.assembleHierarchy(model, deleteResult);
        }

        // recursively delete base entities (they all have the same id values)
        const idValues = this.queryUtils.getEntityIds(model, deleteResult);
        await this.deleteBaseRecursively(db, model, idValues);

        return result;
    }

    private async getRelationDelegateEntitiesForCascadeDelete(db: CrudContract, model: string, where: any) {
        if (!where || Object.keys(where).length === 0) {
            throw new Error('where clause is required for cascade delete');
        }

        const cascadeDeletes: Array<{ model: string; entity: any }> = [];
        const fields = getFields(this.options.modelMeta, model);
        if (fields) {
            for (const fieldInfo of Object.values(fields)) {
                if (!fieldInfo.isDataModel) {
                    continue;
                }

                if (fieldInfo.isRelationOwner) {
                    // this side of the relation owns the foreign key,
                    // so it won't cause cascade delete to the other side
                    continue;
                }

                if (fieldInfo.backLink) {
                    // get the opposite side of the relation
                    const backLinkField = this.queryUtils.getModelField(fieldInfo.type, fieldInfo.backLink);

                    if (backLinkField?.isRelationOwner && this.isFieldCascadeDelete(backLinkField)) {
                        // if the opposite side of the relation is to be cascade deleted,
                        // recursively delete the delegate base entities
                        const relationModel = getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, fieldInfo.type);
                        if (relationModel?.baseTypes && relationModel.baseTypes.length > 0) {
                            // the relation model has delegate base, cascade the delete to the base
                            const relationEntities = await db[relationModel.name].findMany({
                                where: { [backLinkField.name]: where },
                                select: this.queryUtils.makeIdSelection(relationModel.name),
                            });
                            relationEntities.forEach((entity) => {
                                cascadeDeletes.push({ model: fieldInfo.type, entity });
                            });
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return cascadeDeletes;
    }

    private isFieldCascadeDelete(fieldInfo: FieldInfo) {
        return fieldInfo.onDeleteAction === 'Cascade';
    }

    // #endregion

    // #region aggregation

    override aggregate(args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        if (!args) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(this.prisma, this.options.prismaModule, 'query argument is required');
        }
        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.aggregate(args);
        }

        // check if any aggregation operator is using fields from base
        this.checkAggregationArgs('aggregate', args);

        args = clone(args);

        if (args.cursor) {
            this.injectWhereHierarchy(this.model, args.cursor);
        }

        if (args.orderBy) {
            enumerate(args.orderBy).forEach((item) => this.injectWhereHierarchy(this.model, item));
        }

        if (args.where) {
            this.injectWhereHierarchy(this.model, args.where);
        }

        if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
            this.logger.info(`[delegate] \`aggregate\` ${this.getModelName(this.model)}: ${formatObject(args)}`);
        }
        return super.aggregate(args);
    }

    override count(args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.count(args);
        }

        // check if count select is using fields from base
        this.checkAggregationArgs('count', args);

        args = clone(args);

        if (args?.cursor) {
            this.injectWhereHierarchy(this.model, args.cursor);
        }

        if (args?.where) {
            this.injectWhereHierarchy(this.model, args.where);
        }

        if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
            this.logger.info(`[delegate] \`count\` ${this.getModelName(this.model)}: ${formatObject(args)}`);
        }
        return super.count(args);
    }

    override groupBy(args: any): Promise<unknown> {
        if (!args) {
            throw prismaClientValidationError(this.prisma, this.options.prismaModule, 'query argument is required');
        }
        if (!this.involvesDelegateModel(this.model)) {
            return super.groupBy(args);
        }

        // check if count select is using fields from base
        this.checkAggregationArgs('groupBy', args);

        if (args.by) {
            for (const by of enumerate(args.by)) {
                const fieldInfo = resolveField(this.options.modelMeta, this.model, by);
                if (fieldInfo && fieldInfo.inheritedFrom) {
                    throw prismaClientValidationError(
                        this.prisma,
                        this.options.prismaModule,
                        `groupBy with fields from base type is not supported yet: "${by}"`
                    );
                }
            }
        }

        args = clone(args);

        if (args.where) {
            this.injectWhereHierarchy(this.model, args.where);
        }

        if (this.options.logPrismaQuery) {
            this.logger.info(`[delegate] \`groupBy\` ${this.getModelName(this.model)}: ${formatObject(args)}`);
        }
        return super.groupBy(args);
    }

    private checkAggregationArgs(operation: 'aggregate' | 'count' | 'groupBy', args: any) {
        if (!args) {
            return;
        }

        for (const op of ['_count', '_sum', '_avg', '_min', '_max', 'select', 'having']) {
            if (args[op] && typeof args[op] === 'object') {
                for (const field of Object.keys(args[op])) {
                    const fieldInfo = resolveField(this.options.modelMeta, this.model, field);
                    if (fieldInfo?.inheritedFrom) {
                        throw prismaClientValidationError(
                            this.prisma,
                            this.options.prismaModule,
                            `${operation} with fields from base type is not supported yet: "${field}"`
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // #endregion

    // #region utils

    private extractSelectInclude(args: any) {
        if (!args) {
            return undefined;
        }
        args = clone(args);
        return 'select' in args
            ? { select: args['select'] }
            : 'include' in args
            ? { include: args['include'] }
            : undefined;
    }

    private makeAuxRelationName(model: ModelInfo) {
        const name = `${DELEGATE_AUX_RELATION_PREFIX}_${lowerCaseFirst(model.name)}`;
        // make sure we look up into short name map to see if it's truncated
        const shortName = this.options.modelMeta.shortNameMap?.[name];
        return shortName ?? name;
    }

    private getModelName(model: string) {
        const info = getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, model, true);
        return info.name;
    }

    private getIdFields(model: string): FieldInfo[] {
        const idFields = getIdFields(this.options.modelMeta, model);
        if (idFields && idFields.length > 0) {
            return idFields;
        }
        const base = this.getBaseModel(model);
        return base ? this.getIdFields(base.name) : [];
    }

    private getModelInfo(model: string) {
        return getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, model, true);
    }

    private getBaseModel(model: string) {
        const baseNames = getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, model, true).baseTypes;
        if (!baseNames) {
            return undefined;
        }
        if (baseNames.length > 1) {
            throw new Error('Multi-inheritance is not supported');
        }
        return this.options.modelMeta.models[lowerCaseFirst(baseNames[0])];
    }

    private involvesDelegateModel(model: string, visited?: Set<string>): boolean {
        if (this.isDelegateOrDescendantOfDelegate(model)) {
            return true;
        }

        visited = visited ?? new Set<string>();
        if (visited.has(model)) {
            return false;
        }
        visited.add(model);

        const modelInfo = getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, model, true);
        return Object.values(modelInfo.fields).some(
            (field) => field.isDataModel && this.involvesDelegateModel(field.type, visited)
        );
    }

    private isDelegateOrDescendantOfDelegate(model: string): boolean {
        if (isDelegateModel(this.options.modelMeta, model)) {
            return true;
        }
        const baseTypes = getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, model)?.baseTypes;
        return !!(
            baseTypes &&
            baseTypes.length > 0 &&
            baseTypes.some((base) => this.isDelegateOrDescendantOfDelegate(base))
        );
    }

    private assembleHierarchy(model: string, entity: any) {
        if (!entity || typeof entity !== 'object') {
            return entity;
        }

        const upMerged = this.assembleUp(model, entity);
        const downMerged = this.assembleDown(model, entity);

        // https://www.npmjs.com/package/deepmerge#arraymerge-example-combine-arrays
        const combineMerge = (target: any[], source: any[], options: ArrayMergeOptions) => {
            const destination = target.slice();
            source.forEach((item, index) => {
                if (typeof destination[index] === 'undefined') {
                    destination[index] = options.cloneUnlessOtherwiseSpecified(item, options);
                } else if (options.isMergeableObject(item)) {
                    destination[index] = deepmerge(target[index], item, options);
                } else if (target.indexOf(item) === -1) {
                    destination.push(item);
                }
            });
            return destination;
        };

        const result: any = deepmerge(upMerged, downMerged, {
            arrayMerge: combineMerge,
            isMergeableObject: (v) => isPlainObject(v) || Array.isArray(v), // avoid messing with Decimal, Date, etc.
        });
        return result;
    }

    private assembleUp(model: string, entity: any) {
        if (!entity) {
            return entity;
        }

        const result: any = {};
        const base = this.getBaseModel(model);

        if (base) {
            // fully merge base fields
            const baseRelationName = this.makeAuxRelationName(base);
            const baseData = entity[baseRelationName];
            if (baseData && typeof baseData === 'object') {
                const baseAssembled = this.assembleHierarchy(base.name, baseData);
                Object.assign(result, baseAssembled);
            }
        }

        const modelInfo = getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, model, true);

        for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(entity)) {
            if (key.startsWith(DELEGATE_AUX_RELATION_PREFIX)) {
                continue;
            }

            const field = modelInfo.fields[key];
            if (!field) {
                // not a field, could be `_count`, `_sum`, etc.
                result[key] = value;
                continue;
            }

            if (field.inheritedFrom) {
                // already merged from base
                continue;
            }

            if (field.isDataModel) {
                if (Array.isArray(value)) {
                    result[field.name] = value.map((item) => this.assembleUp(field.type, item));
                } else {
                    result[field.name] = this.assembleUp(field.type, value);
                }
            } else {
                result[field.name] = value;
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    private assembleDown(model: string, entity: any) {
        if (!entity) {
            return entity;
        }

        const result: any = {};
        const modelInfo = getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, model, true);

        if (modelInfo.discriminator) {
            // model is a delegate, fully merge concrete model fields
            const subModelName = entity[modelInfo.discriminator];
            if (subModelName) {
                const subModel = getModelInfo(this.options.modelMeta, subModelName, true);
                const subRelationName = this.makeAuxRelationName(subModel);
                const subData = entity[subRelationName];
                if (subData && typeof subData === 'object') {
                    const subAssembled = this.assembleHierarchy(subModel.name, subData);
                    Object.assign(result, subAssembled);
                }
            }
        }

        for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(entity)) {
            if (key.startsWith(DELEGATE_AUX_RELATION_PREFIX)) {
                continue;
            }

            const field = modelInfo.fields[key];
            if (!field) {
                // not a field, could be `_count`, `_sum`, etc.
                result[key] = value;
                continue;
            }

            if (field.isDataModel) {
                if (Array.isArray(value)) {
                    result[field.name] = value.map((item) => this.assembleDown(field.type, item));
                } else {
                    result[field.name] = this.assembleDown(field.type, value);
                }
            } else {
                result[field.name] = value;
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    private getUpdatedAtFromDelegateBases(model: string) {
        const result: FieldInfo[] = [];
        const modelFields = getFields(this.options.modelMeta, model);
        if (!modelFields) {
            return result;
        }
        for (const fieldInfo of Object.values(modelFields)) {
            if (
                fieldInfo.attributes?.some((attr) => attr.name === '@updatedAt') &&
                fieldInfo.inheritedFrom &&
                isDelegateModel(this.options.modelMeta, fieldInfo.inheritedFrom)
            ) {
                result.push(fieldInfo);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    // #endregion
}